Characterising the wind-advected medial fall deposit from fissure 8 fountaining during the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption, Kīlauea

The 2018 eruption on the lower East Rift Zone, Hawaii, involved the opening of 24 fissures before the eruption focussed on a single point source, fissure 8 (F8). This study characterises the preserved medial F8 tephra deposit using an isopach map, maximum clast size data, and total grain size distribution analysis, shedding light on the tephra transport and dispersal mechanisms beyond the F8 cone occurring during the fountaining. The medial sheet-like deposit covers approximately 0.22 km2, best fit by a Power-Law thinning rate. The TephraFits model estimated the corresponding volume of the continuous medial tephra blanket to be ~ 2 × 104 m3, just 0.02% of the total volume erupted from fissure 8. Samples from the preserved medial deposit have grain size modes of − 3.5 to − 4 Φ, compatible with Voronoi tessellation calculations. Maximum clast size did not show a ‘typical’ fining relationship with distance from the vent; instead, it shows no clear pattern. One factor was that the extremely low clast density, a function of a secondary vesiculation event, enabled the pyroclasts to be re-entrained, often repeatedly, by large eddies downwind of the vent. This should be considered in future studies of prolonged fountaining episodes as the clasts involved in the medial fall are rarely well preserved in the geologic record due to their fragile nature but their presence adds complexity to the inferred eruption dynamics.</p