fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain

Limited understanding of infant pain has led to its lack of recognition in clinical practice. While the network of brain regions that encode the affective and sensory aspects of adult pain are well described, the brain structures involved in infant nociceptive processing are less well known, meaning little can be inferred about the nature of the infant pain experience. Using fMRI we identified the network of brain regions that are active following acute noxious stimulation in newborn infants, and compared the activity to that observed in adults. Significant infant brain activity was observed in 18 of the 20 active adult brain regions but not in the infant amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex. Brain regions that encode sensory and affective components of pain are active in infants, suggesting that the infant pain experience closely resembles that seen in adults. This highlights the importance of developing effective pain management strategies in this vulnerable population

The changing global distribution and prevalence of canine transmissible venereal tumour.

BACKGROUND: The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a contagious cancer that is naturally transmitted between dogs by the allogeneic transfer of living cancer cells during coitus. CTVT first arose several thousand years ago and has been reported in dog populations worldwide; however, its precise distribution patterns and prevalence remain unclear. RESULTS: We analysed historical literature and obtained CTVT prevalence information from 645 veterinarians and animal health workers in 109 countries in order to estimate CTVT's former and current global distribution and prevalence. This analysis confirmed that CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide across all inhabited continents. CTVT is estimated to be present at a prevalence of one percent or more in dogs in at least 13 countries in South and Central America as well as in at least 11 countries in Africa and 8 countries in Asia. In the United States and Australia, CTVT was reported to be endemic only in remote indigenous communities. Comparison of current and historical reports of CTVT indicated that its prevalence has declined in Northern Europe, possibly due to changes in dog control laws during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Analysis of factors influencing CTVT prevalence showed that presence of free-roaming dogs was associated with increased CTVT prevalence, while dog spaying and neutering were associated with reduced CTVT prevalence. Our analysis indicated no gender bias for CTVT and we found no evidence that animals with CTVT frequently harbour concurrent infectious diseases. Vincristine was widely reported to be the most effective therapy for CTVT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a survey of the current global distribution of CTVT, confirming that CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide. Additionally, our analysis highlights factors that continue to modify CTVT's prevalence around the world and implicates free-roaming dogs as a reservoir for the disease. Our analysis also documents the disappearance of the disease from the United Kingdom during the twentieth century, which appears to have been an unintentional result of the introduction of dog control policies.This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final version of this article has been published by BioMed Central: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/10/168

Midwest Motor Systems Consortium- A Unique Business Partnership

The Midwest Motor Systems Consortium is a creative, new business partnership of motor systems users, suppliers, and other interested parties. It is unique in that it brings together all of the stakeholders in the motor systems market-with buyers, sellers, distributors, utilily representatives and regulalors participating in its activities. This paper will discuss the formation of this group, how it fulfills the objectives of such diverse interests, and where it is headed

Związek pomiędzy reprezentacją kobiet na poziomie strategicznym i konkurencyjnością firmy : przykłady z firm logistyki towarowej z Pakistanu i Kanady

The comparative study investigates the impact of various attributes such as feminine leadership style, gender diversity, and autonomy linked with the female representation at strategic level on the performance and competitiveness of the Cargo Logistic Firms in the contrasting economies; Pakistan and Canada. Previous studies offered limited insight due to unidimensional while this study takes multivariate approach, considering; variable of interest examined in terms of economies and gender. Cross-sectional research design following semi-structured questionnaire circulated among targeted audience by combining of stratified (probability) and convenience, purposive, and snowball (non-probability) sampling technique at layers of management. The combined sample size is 631 employees. The results showed that females prefer more flexible leadership style in comparison to males. Organisations having high gender diversity and female representation at strategic level are more progressive and innovative. Interestingly, in developing economies, rapid career growth chances are higher for females. Females are more people oriented while male are more task-oriented. Males have high desire for autonomy at workplace.W artykule przedstawiono badanie porównawcze, które analizuje wpływ różnych atrybutów ściśle związanych z reprezentacją kobiet na poziomie strategicznym, wpływającym na ogólną konkurencyjność przewoźników towarowych w gospodarkach Pakistanu i Kanady będących przeciwieństwami. Poprzednie badania przyniosły ograniczone spostrzeżenia ze względu na jednowymiarowość, podczas gdy niniejsze badanie ma podejście wielowymiarowe, biorąc pod uwagę jednocześnie: różnorodność płci, styl przywództwa i gospodarki. Projekt przekrojowego badania przeprowadzonego według kwestionariusza półstruktury krążył wśród odbiorców docelowych, łącząc technikę próbkowania warstwowego (prawdopodobieństwa) i wygodnego, celowego oraz kuli śnieżnej (niebędącego prawdopodobieństwem) na warstwach zarządzania. Łączna wielkość próby to 631 pracowników. Wyniki wykazały, że kobiety wolą bardziej elastyczny styl przywództwa niż mężczyźni. Coraz bardziej postępowe i innowacyjne są organizacje mające dużą różnorodność płci i reprezentacje kobiet na poziomie strategicznym. Co ciekawe, w krajach rozwijających się szanse szybkiego wzrostu kariery są większe u kobiet. Kobiety są bardziej nastawione na ludzi, podczas gdy mężczyźni są bardziej zorientowani na zadanie. Mężczyźni mają duże pragnienie autonomii w miejscu pracy