2,733 research outputs found
How to enhance crop production and nitrogen fluxes? A result-oriented scheme to evaluate best agri-environmental measures in Veneto Region, Italy
The cost-effectiveness of adopting agri-environmental measures (AEMs) in Europe, which combine agricultural productions with reduced N losses, is debated due to poorly targeted site-specific funding that is allocated regardless of local variability. An integrated DAYCENT model-GIS platform was developed combining pedo-climatic and agricultural systems information. The aim was to evaluate best strategies to improve N fluxes of agro-ecosystems within a perspective of sustainable intensification. Indicators of agronomic efficiency and environmental quality were considered. The results showed that agronomic benefits were observed with a continuous soil cover (conservation agriculture and cover crops), which enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (+17%) and crop yields (+34%), although in some cases these might be overestimated due to modelling limitations. An overall environmental improvement was found with continuous soil cover and long-term change from mineral to organic inputs (NLeach 45 Mg ha 121), which were effective in the sandy soils of western and eastern Veneto with low SOM, improving the soil-water balance and nutrients availability over time. Results suggest that AEM subsidies should be allocated at a site-specific level that includes pedo-climatic variability, following a result-oriented approach
Rupture process of the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake by non-linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data
We image the rupture history of the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuestu-oki (Japan) earthquake by a nonlinear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data, retrieving peak slip velocity, rupture time, rise time and slip direction. The inferred rupture model contains two asperities; a small patch near the nucleation and a larger one located 10Ă·15 km to the south-west. The maximum slip ranges between 2.0 and 2.5 m and the total seismic moment is 1.6Ă—1019 Nm. The inferred rupture history is characterized by rupture acceleration and directivity effects, which are stable features of the inverted models. These features as well as the source-to-receiver geometry are discussed to interpret the high peak ground motions observed (PGA is 1200 gals) at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant (KKNPP), situated on the hanging-wall of the causative fault. Despite the evident source effects, predicted PGV underestimates the observed values at KKNPP by nearly a factor of 10
The dependence of traction evolution on the earthquake source time function adopted in kinematic rupture models
We compute the temporal evolution of traction by
solving the elasto-dynamic equation and by using the slip
velocity history as a boundary condition on the fault plane.
We use different source time functions to derive a suite of
kinematic source models to image the spatial distribution of
dynamic and breakdown stress drop, strength excess and
critical slip weakening distance (Dc). Our results show that
the source time functions, adopted in kinematic source
models, affect the inferred dynamic parameters. The critical
slip weakening distance, characterizing the constitutive
relation, ranges between 30% and 80% of the total slip. The
ratio between Dc and total slip depends on the adopted
source time functions and, in these applications, is nearly
constant over the fault. We propose that source time
functions compatible with earthquake dynamics should be
used to infer the traction time history
Dependence of slip weakening distance (Dc) on final slip during dynamic rupture of earthquakes
In this study we aim to understand the dependence of the critical slip weakening distance (Dc) on the final slip (Dtot) during the propagation of a dynamic rupture and the consistency of their inferred correlation. To achieve this goal we have performed a series of numerical tests suitably designed to validate the adopted numerical procedure and to verify the actual capability in measuring Dc. We have retrieved two kinematic rupture histories from spontaneous dynamic rupture models governed by a slip weakening law in which a constant Dc distribution on the fault plane as well as a constant Dc / Dtot ratio are assumed, respectively. The slip velocity and the shear traction time histories represent the synthetic “real” target data which we aim to reproduce. We use a 3-D traction-at-split nodes numerical procedure to image the dynamic traction evolution by assuming our modeled slip velocity as a boundary condition on the fault plane. We assume a regularized Yoffe function as source time function in our modeling attempts and we measure the critical slip weakening distance from the inferred traction versus slip curves at each point on the fault. We compare the inferred values with those of the target dynamic models. Our numerical tests show that fitting the slip velocity functions of the target models at each point on the fault plane is not enough to retrieve good traction evolution curves and to obtain reliable measures of Dc. We find that the estimation of Dc is very sensitive to any small variation of the slip velocity function. An artificial correlation between Dc/Dtot is obtained when a fixed shape of slip velocity is assumed on the fault (i.e., constant rise time and constant time for positive acceleration) which differs from that of the target model. We point out that the estimation of fracture energy (breakdown work) on the fault is not affected by biases in measuring Dc
A Kinematic Source-Time Function Compatible with Earthquake Dynamics
We propose a new source-time function, to be used in kinematic modeling
of ground-motion time histories, which is consistent with dynamic propagation
of earthquake ruptures and makes feasible the dynamic interpretation of kinematic
slip models. This function is derived from a source-time function first proposed by
Yoffe (1951), which yields a traction evolution showing a slip-weakening behavior.
In order to remove its singularity, we apply a convolution with a triangular function
and obtain a regularized source-time function called the regularized Yoffe function.
We propose a parameterization of this slip-velocity time function through the final
slip, its duration, and the duration of the positive slip acceleration (Tacc). Using this
analytical function, we examined the relation between kinematic parameters, such as
peak slip velocity and slip duration, and dynamic parameters, such as slip-weakening
distance and breakdown-stress drop. The obtained scaling relations are consistent
with those proposed by Ohnaka and Yamashita (1989) from laboratory experiments.
This shows that the proposed source-time function suitably represents dynamic rupture
propagation with finite slip-weakening distances
Exponentially hard problems are sometimes polynomial, a large deviation analysis of search algorithms for the random Satisfiability problem, and its application to stop-and-restart resolutions
A large deviation analysis of the solving complexity of random
3-Satisfiability instances slightly below threshold is presented. While finding
a solution for such instances demands an exponential effort with high
probability, we show that an exponentially small fraction of resolutions
require a computation scaling linearly in the size of the instance only. This
exponentially small probability of easy resolutions is analytically calculated,
and the corresponding exponent shown to be smaller (in absolute value) than the
growth exponent of the typical resolution time. Our study therefore gives some
theoretical basis to heuristic stop-and-restart solving procedures, and
suggests a natural cut-off (the size of the instance) for the restart.Comment: Revtex file, 4 figure
Modeling the dynamic rupture propagation on heterogeneous faults with rate- and state-dependent friction
We investigate the effects of non-uniform distribution of constitutive parameters on the dynamic propagation of
an earthquake rupture. We use a 2D finite difference numerical method and we assume that the dynamic rupture
propagation is governed by a rate- and state-dependent constitutive law. We first discuss the results of several
numerical experiments performed with different values of the constitutive parameters a (to account for the direct
effect of friction), b (controlling the friction evolution) and L (the characteristic length-scale parameter) to
simulate the dynamic rupture propagation on homogeneous faults. Spontaneous dynamic ruptures can be simulated
on velocity weakening (a < b) fault patches: our results point out the dependence of the traction and slip velocity
evolution on the adopted constitutive parameters. We therefore model the dynamic rupture propagation on
heterogeneous faults. We use in this study the characterization of different frictional regimes proposed by
Boatwright and Cocco (1996) based on different values of the constitutive parameters a, b and L. Our numerical
simulations show that the heterogeneities of the L parameter affect the dynamic rupture propagation, control
the peak slip velocity and weakly modify the dynamic stress drop and the rupture velocity. Moreover, a barrier
can be simulated through a large contrast of L parameter. The heterogeneity of a and b parameters affects the
dynamic rupture propagation in a more complex way. A velocity strengthening area (a > b) can arrest a dynamic
rupture, but can be driven to an instability if suddenly loaded by the dynamic rupture front. Our simulations
provide a picture of the complex interactions between fault patches having different frictional properties and illustrate
how the traction and slip velocity evolutions are modified during the propagation on heterogeneous
faults. These results involve interesting implications for slip duration and fracture energy
Using geophysical data inversion to constrain earthquake dynamics: a study on dynamically consistent source time functions.
Earthquake kinematic models are often used to retrieve the main parameters of the causative dynamic rupture process. These models are
usually obtained through the inversion of seismograms and geodetic data and they can be used as boundary conditions in dynamic modeling
to calculate the traction evolution on the fault. Once traction and slip time histories are inferred at each point on the fault plane, it is feasible
to estimate the dynamic and breakdown stress drop, the strength excess and the slip weakening distance (Dc). However the measure of these
quantities can be biased by the adopted parametrization of kinematic source models. In this work we focus our attention on the importance
of adopting source time functions (STFs) compatible with earthquake dynamics to image the kinematic rupture history on a finite fault.
First, we compute synthetic waveforms, through a forward modeling, to evaluate the effects of STFs on the ground motion and on the radiated
energy. Therefore, adopting different STFs, we perform kinematic inversion of strong motion and GPS data, using a new non linear
two-stages search algorithm (Piatanesi et al., 2007) . We have quantitatively verified that the chioce of STFs affects ground motion time histories
within the frequency band commonly used in kinematic inversion and that the inferred peak slip velocity and rise time strongly change
among the inverted models. These differences has a dramatic impact when kinematic models are used to infer dynamic traction evolution.
The shape of the slip weakening curve, the ratio between Dc and the final slip and the dynamic stress drop distribution are remarkably affected
by the assumed STFs. We recommend the adoption in kinematic inversions of source time functions that
are compatible with earthquake dynamics
Beyond inverse Ising model: structure of the analytical solution for a class of inverse problems
I consider the problem of deriving couplings of a statistical model from
measured correlations, a task which generalizes the well-known inverse Ising
problem. After reminding that such problem can be mapped on the one of
expressing the entropy of a system as a function of its corresponding
observables, I show the conditions under which this can be done without
resorting to iterative algorithms. I find that inverse problems are local (the
inverse Fisher information is sparse) whenever the corresponding models have a
factorized form, and the entropy can be split in a sum of small cluster
contributions. I illustrate these ideas through two examples (the Ising model
on a tree and the one-dimensional periodic chain with arbitrary order
interaction) and support the results with numerical simulations. The extension
of these methods to more general scenarios is finally discussed.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure
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