Cold Water and High Ice Cover on Great Lakes in Spring 2014

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108350/1/eost2014EO340001.pd

Impacts of extreme 2013–2014 winter conditions on Lake Michigan's fall heat content, surface temperature, and evaporation

Since the late 1990s, the Laurentian Great Lakes have experienced persistent low water levels and above average over‐lake evaporation rates. During the winter of 2013–2014, the lakes endured the most persistent, lowest temperatures and highest ice cover in recent history, fostering speculation that over‐lake evaporation rates might decrease and that water levels might rise. To address this speculation, we examined interseasonal relationships in Lake Michigan's thermal regime. We find pronounced relationships between winter conditions and subsequent fall heat content, modest relationships with fall surface temperature, but essentially no correlation with fall evaporation rates. Our findings suggest that the extreme winter conditions of 2013–2014 may have induced a shift in Lake Michigan's thermal regime and that this shift coincides with a recent (and ongoing) rise in Great Lakes water levels. If the shift persists, it could (assuming precipitation rates remain relatively constant) represent a return to thermal and hydrologic conditions not observed on Lake Michigan in over 15 years.Key PointsLake Michigan has been in an altered thermal regime since the late 1990sThe 2013–2014 winter may return Lake Michigan to pre‐1998 thermal conditionsHydrological impacts of the 2013–2014 cold winter remain unclearPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112001/1/grl52850.pd

Combat Identification and Fratricide: A Human Affair

Over the past two years TNO and Dstl developed an Agent Based Combat ID Model to support the research on factors influencing the success and failure of Combat Identification processes. During the International Data farming Workshop (IDFW) 15 in Singapore, we evaluated this model by conducting the first data farming experiments. The model represents Situation Awareness (SA) and the cognitive processes to combine new sensor input with SA in order to make identification decisions. A description of the model and the results of the Singapore experiments can be found in [ref 1]. A more general treatment about an architecture for placing the human at the centre of a constructive simulation, which also contains a more extensive description of this agent based Combat ID model, can be found in the ICCRTS 2008 paper [ref 2] This paper describes the progress we made with the model development since IDFW 15 and the results from the data farming experiments we conducted during IDFW 16 in Monterey. In a few paragraphs an overview will be given of the new features, the objectives, the design of the experiments and the results. We will conclude this paper with lessons learned, conclusions and future developments

Understanding patient preference in prosthetic ankle stiffness

Abstract Background User preference has the potential to facilitate the design, control, and prescription of prostheses, but we do not yet understand which physiological factors drive preference, or if preference is associated with clinical benefits. Methods Subjects with unilateral below-knee amputation walked on a custom variable-stiffness prosthetic ankle and manipulated a dial to determine their preferred prosthetic ankle stiffness at three walking speeds. We evaluated anthropomorphic, metabolic, biomechanical, and performance-based descriptors at stiffness levels surrounding each subject’s preferred stiffness. Results Subjects preferred lower stiffness values at their self-selected treadmill walking speed, and elected to walk faster overground with ankle stiffness at or above their preferred stiffness. Preferred stiffness maximized the kinematic symmetry between prosthetic and unaffected joints, but was not significantly correlated with body mass or metabolic rate. Conclusion These results imply that some physiological factors are weighted more heavily when determining preferred stiffness, and that preference may be associated with clinically relevant improvements in gait.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/173763/1/12984_2021_Article_916.pd

Ti-6A1-4V alloy castings prepared in zircon sand molds and the effect of hot isostatic pressing /

Bibliography: p. 16.Mode of access: Internet

The Ewing Amputation: The First Human Implementation of the Agonist-Antagonist Myoneural Interface

Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. Background: The agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) comprises a surgical construct and neural control architecture designed to serve as a bidirectional interface, capable of reflecting proprioceptive sensation of prosthetic joint position, speed, and torque from and advanced limb prosthesis onto the central nervous system. The AMI surgical procedure has previously been vetted in animal models; we here present the surgical results of its translation to human subjects. Methods: Modified unilateral below knee amputations were performed in the elective setting in 3 human subjects between July 2016 and April 2017. AMIs were constructed in each subject to control and interpret proprioception from the bionic ankle and subtalar joints. Intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative residual-limb outcome measures were recorded and analyzed, including electromyographic and radiographic imaging of AMI musculature. Results: Mean subject age was 38 ± 13 years, and mean body mass index was 29.5 ± 5.5 kg/m 2 . Mean operative time was 346 ± 87 minutes, including 120 minutes of tourniquet time per subject. Complications were minor and included transient cellulitis and one instance of delayed wound healing. All subjects demonstrated mild limb hypertrophy postoperatively, and intact construct excursion with volitional muscle activation. All patients reported a high degree of phantom limb position perception with no reports of phantom pain. Conclusions: The AMI offers the possibility of improved prosthetic control and restoration of muscle-tendon proprioception. Initial results in this first cohort of human patients are promising and provide evidence as to the potential role of AMIs in the care of patients requiring below knee amputation

The Ewing Amputation: The First Human Implementation of the Agonist-Antagonist Myoneural Interface

Background:. The agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) comprises a surgical construct and neural control architecture designed to serve as a bidirectional interface, capable of reflecting proprioceptive sensation of prosthetic joint position, speed, and torque from and advanced limb prosthesis onto the central nervous system. The AMI surgical procedure has previously been vetted in animal models; we here present the surgical results of its translation to human subjects. Methods:. Modified unilateral below knee amputations were performed in the elective setting in 3 human subjects between July 2016 and April 2017. AMIs were constructed in each subject to control and interpret proprioception from the bionic ankle and subtalar joints. Intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative residual-limb outcome measures were recorded and analyzed, including electromyographic and radiographic imaging of AMI musculature. Results:. Mean subject age was 38 ± 13 years, and mean body mass index was 29.5 ± 5.5 kg/m2. Mean operative time was 346 ± 87 minutes, including 120 minutes of tourniquet time per subject. Complications were minor and included transient cellulitis and one instance of delayed wound healing. All subjects demonstrated mild limb hypertrophy postoperatively, and intact construct excursion with volitional muscle activation. All patients reported a high degree of phantom limb position perception with no reports of phantom pain. Conclusions:. The AMI offers the possibility of improved prosthetic control and restoration of muscle-tendon proprioception. Initial results in this first cohort of human patients are promising and provide evidence as to the potential role of AMIs in the care of patients requiring below knee amputation

Hydrological drivers of record‐setting water level rise on Earth’s largest lake system

Between January 2013 and December 2014, water levels on Lake Superior and Lake Michigan‐Huron, the two largest lakes on Earth by surface area, rose at the highest rate ever recorded for a 2 year period beginning in January and ending in December of the following year. This historic event coincided with below‐average air temperatures and extensive winter ice cover across the Great Lakes. It also brought an end to a 15 year period of persistently below‐average water levels on Lakes Superior and Michigan‐Huron that included several months of record‐low water levels. To differentiate hydrological drivers behind the recent water level rise, we developed a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) routine for inferring historical estimates of the major components of each lake’s water budget. Our results indicate that, in 2013, the water level rise on Lake Superior was driven by increased spring runoff and over‐lake precipitation. In 2014, reduced over‐lake evaporation played a more significant role in Lake Superior’s water level rise. The water level rise on Lake Michigan‐Huron in 2013 was also due to above‐average spring runoff and persistent over‐lake precipitation, while in 2014, it was due to a rare combination of below‐average evaporation, above‐average runoff and precipitation, and very high inflow rates from Lake Superior through the St. Marys River. We expect, in future research, to apply our new framework across the other Laurentian Great Lakes, and to Earth’s other large freshwater basins as well.Key PointsBetween January 2013 and December 2014, the two largest lakes on Earth rose at a record‐setting rateWe developed a Bayesian MCMC routine for inferring estimates of the water budget for this periodThe cold 2013–2014 winter contributed to reduced evaporation rates and rising water levelsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134174/1/wrcr22062.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134174/2/wrcr22062-sup-0002-2015WR018209-s02.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134174/3/wrcr22062-sup-0001-2015WR018209-s01.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134174/4/wrcr22062_am.pd