Anatomical and histochemical characterization of leaves of Spondias purpurea L.

The Anacardiaceae family has species rich in secondary metabolites. They are widely used in popular medicine. Among them, Spondias purpurea L. stands out for containing several secondary metabolites with important biological activities. To aid in the precise identification of the species, this work aims to perform an anatomical and histochemical characterization of leaves of S. purpurea. Microscope slides containing cross-sections of the petiolule and leaflets, in addition to paradermal sections of the leaflets, were prepared and analyzed in an optical and polarized microscope. Histochemical tests were performed on fresh leaflets. Through microscopic analysis, it was possible to identify the anatomical structures that allow the diagnosis of the studied species, such as petiolule with concave-convex shape, non-glandular and glandular trichomes, druses in phloem; leafletsamphistomatic, with non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial face and glandular trichomes on the abaxial face, midrib with concave-convex shape, two collateral vascular bundles, one layer of palisade parenchyma, druses in phloem and mesophyll. Through histochemistry, the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, lipophilic compounds, essential oils, lignin, starch and calcium oxalate crystals were evidenced in the leaflets. The results are important for the quality control of plant material.The Anacardiaceae family has species-rich in secondary metabolites. They are widely used in popular medicine. Among them, Spondias purpurea L. stands out for containing several secondary metabolites with important biological activities. A precise identification of the species was the objective of this study, to perform an anatomical and histochemical characterization of leaves of S. purpurea. Microscope slides containing cross-sections of the petiolule and leaflets, in addition to paradermal sections of the leaflets, were prepared and analyzed in an optical and polarized microscope. Histochemical tests were performed on fresh leaflets. The microscopic analysis identified the anatomical structures to a diagnosis of the studied species, such as petiolule with concave-convex shape, non-glandular and glandular trichomes, druses in phloem; leaflets amphistomatic, with non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial face and glandular trichomes on the abaxial face, midrib with concave-convex shape, two collateral vascular bundles, one layer of palisade parenchyma, druses in phloem and mesophyll. The histochemical analysis evaluated phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, lipophilic compounds, essential oils, lignin, starch, and calcium oxalate crystals, evidenced in the leaflets. The results are important for the quality control of plant material and expand the knowledge about the species

Caracterización microscópica, histoquímica y fitoquímica preliminar de las hojas de Trema micrantha (L.) Blume

Caracterización microscópica, histoquímica y fitoquímica preilminar de las hojas de Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Para enriquecer el enriquecer el conocimiento sobre Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar la caracterización anatómica, histoquímica y fitoquímica de las hojas de la especie. Se realizaron cortes transversales del pecíolo y limbo, así como cortes paradérmicos del limbo, analizados en microscopía óptica y polarizada. Se utilizaron diferentes reactivos para el análisis histoquímico. Se han descrito estructuras anatómicas que proporcionan un diagnóstico detallado de las especies estudiadas. La histoquímica mostró la presencia de metabolitos esenciales (flavonoides, taninos, entre otros) para la especie y mediante análisis SEM-EDS se confirmó que los cristales están compuestos por oxalato de calcio. El análisis fitoquímico permitió la identificación de mono y sesquiterpenos, triterpenos y esteroides, entre otros. El estudio proporcionó datos sin precedentes sobre la especie, ampliando la información científica de T. micrantha.-In order to enrich the knowledge about Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, this research aims to perform the anatomical, histochemical and phytochemical characterization of the leaves of this species. Cross sections of the petiole and limbus were made, as well as paradermic sections of the limbus, analyzed in optical and polarized microscopy. Different reagents were used for histochemical analysis. Anatomical structures have been described and provide a detailed diagnosis of the species studied. Histochemistry showed the presence of essential metabolites (flavonoids, tannins, among others) for the species and through SEM-EDS analysis it was confirmed that the crystals are composed of calcium oxalate. Phytochemical analysis allowed the identification of mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, among others. The study provided unprecedented data on the species, expanding the scientific information of T. micrantha

Caracterización microscópica, histoquímica y fitoquímica preilmi­nar de las hojas de Trema micrantha (L.) Blume

In order to expand microscopic and chemical information of Trema micrantha, this research aimed to perform the anatomical, histochemical and phytochemical characterization of the leaves of the species. The studies were conducted under light and polarized microscopy. For the histochemical analysis, different reagents were used, according to the metabolite. Anatomical structures that provide the detailed diagnosis of the species were described. The histochemistry showed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lipophilic compounds, essential oils, lignin and calcium oxalate crystals in the leaf blade. Through SEM-EDS analysis it was also verified that the crystals are of calcium oxalate. Phytochemical analysis enabled the identification of mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, saponins, cinnamic derivatives, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins and reducing sugars. The study brought unpublished data about the species, expanding the knowledge about Cannabaceae.Para enriquecer el enriquecer el conocimiento sobre Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar la caracterización anatómica, histoquímica y fitoquímica de las hojas de la especie. Se realizaron cortes transversales del pecíolo y limbo, así como cortes paradérmicos del limbo, analizados en microscopía óptica y polarizada. Se utilizaron diferentes reactivos para el análisis histoquímico. Se han descrito estructuras anatómicas que proporcionan un diagnóstico detallado de las especies estudiadas. La histoquímica mostró la presencia de metabolitos esenciales (flavonoides, taninos, entre otros) para la especie y mediante análisis SEM-EDS se confirmó que los cristales están compuestos por oxalato de calcio. El análisis fitoquímico permitió la identificación de mono y sesquiterpenos, triterpenos y esteroides, entre otros. El estudio proporcionó datos sin precedentes sobre la especie, ampliando la información científica de T. micrantha

Estudio anatómico e histoquímico de Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. tiene un papel importante nutricional y terapéuticamente en la medicina popular, especialmente utilizado como agente hipotensor. Para ampliar la información farmacológica sobre esta especie, este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio histoanatómico de sus hojas. Se prepararon muestras con secciones transversales y paradérmicas de la hoja para el estudio microscópico. Para el análisis histoquímico, se utilizaron reactivos específicos para los metabolitos objetivo. A través del análisis realizado se identificaron estructuras anatómicas para la correcta identificación de la especie estudiada. La histoquímica mostró la presencia de alcaloides, triterpenos y esteroides, compuestos lipofílicos y lignina. Esta información sobre la localización de los compuestos no tiene precedentes. Así, el trabajo amplía el conocimiento sobre la especie y la familia Cucurbitaceae.Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. plays an important role as for its nutritional and therapeutical use in folk medicine, being especially used as a hypotensive agent. In order to expand the pharmacobotanical information on this species, this work aims to perform the histoanatomical study of its leaves. Samples containing cross-section and paradermic sections of the leaf were prepared for microscopic study. For the histochemical analysis, specific reagents were used, according to the targeted metabolites. Through the performed analysis, it was possible to identify the anatomical structures that confer the correct identification of the studied species. The histochemistry showed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids, lipophilic compounds and lignin. This information on the localisation of the compounds is unprecedented. Thus, the work expands the knowledge about the species and the family Cucurbitaceae

Estudio anatómico e histoquímico de Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Caracterización farmacológica

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. plays an important role as for its nutritional and therapeutical use in folk medicine, being especially used as a hypotensive agent. In order to expand the pharmacobotanical information on this species, this work aims to perform the histoanatomical study of its leaves. Samples containing cross-section and paradermic sections of the leaf were prepared for microscopic study. For the histochemical analysis, specific reagents were used, according to the targeted metabolites. Through the performed analysis, it was possible to identify the anatomical structures that confer the correct identification of the studied species. The histochemistry showed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids, lipophilic compounds and lignin. This information on the localisation of the compounds is unprecedented. Thus, the work expands the knowledge about the species and the family Cucurbitaceae.Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. tiene un papel importante nutricional y terapéuticamente en la medicina popular, especialmente utilizado como agente hipotensor. Para ampliar la información farmacológica sobre esta especie, este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio histoanatómico de sus hojas. Se prepararon muestras con secciones transversales y paradérmicas de la hoja para el estudio microscópico. Para el análisis histoquímico, se utilizaron reactivos específicos para los metabolitos objetivo. A través del análisis realizado se identificaron estructuras anatómicas para la correcta identificación de la especie estudiada. La histoquímica mostró la presencia de alcaloides, triterpenos y esteroides, compuestos lipofílicos y lignina. Esta información sobre la localización de los compuestos no tiene precedentes. Así, el trabajo amplía el conocimiento sobre la especie y la familia Cucurbitaceae

Corn Silage as a Total Diet with by-Products of the Babassu Agroindustry in the Feed of Confined Ruminants

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of total ration silage (TRS) containing two babassu by-products to replace the corn. The silages were formulated to meet the requirements of sheep for an average daily gain of 200 g/day. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of CS: Corn silage (Control); TRSS: Corn silage with corn and soybean meal; TRSF: Total ration silage with babassu mesocarp flour; and TRSC: Total feed silage with babassu cake. The chemical composition of the silages had a significant difference (p < 0.05) for all variates. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) for gas (LG, p < 0.001) and effluent losses (LE, p < 0.001), dry matter recovery (DMR, p < 0.001), buffer capacity (BC, p < 0.001), lactic acid (LA, p < 0.001), butyric acid (BA, p < 0.001), lactic acid/fermentation products (LA:FP, p < 0.001), and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N, p < 0.001). The babassu by-products can replace ground corn by up to 50% in total ration silage and improve the fermentation profile and nutritional value of the silage, meeting the nutritional requirements of finishing sheep

The Effect of Babassu Industry By-Products as an Alternative Feed for Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of a total mixed ration silage containing two babassu by-products, starchy flour and babassu cake. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomised design containing four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of corn silage, corn silage based on the standard corn and soybean diet, corn silage with babassu flour, and corn silage with babassu cake. No significant difference was observed in the pH values (p = 0.256) for the studied silages. Higher values for dry matter recovery were observed for the silages of the total diets. The corn silage presented lower lactic acid production (55.15 g/kg DM) and acetic acid (11.54 g/kg DM) in relation to the total ration silages. The inclusion of babassu by-products increased the dry matter (p p p < 0.001) in the total ration silages. Silage in the form of the total ration containing regional babassu by-products improved the fermentative profile of the silages and the nutritional value of the diets, endowing them with potential for use as a feed alternative for dairy cattle

Corn Silage as a Total Diet with by-Products of the Babassu Agroindustry in the Feed of Confined Ruminants

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of total ration silage (TRS) containing two babassu by-products to replace the corn. The silages were formulated to meet the requirements of sheep for an average daily gain of 200 g/day. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of CS: Corn silage (Control); TRSS: Corn silage with corn and soybean meal; TRSF: Total ration silage with babassu mesocarp flour; and TRSC: Total feed silage with babassu cake. The chemical composition of the silages had a significant difference (p p p p p p p p p 3-N, p < 0.001). The babassu by-products can replace ground corn by up to 50% in total ration silage and improve the fermentation profile and nutritional value of the silage, meeting the nutritional requirements of finishing sheep

Desempenho e características de carcaça de cordeiros alimentados em comedouros privativos recebendo rações contendo semente de girassol Performance and carcass traits of lambs fed diets containing sunflower seed in creep feeding

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e as características quali e quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros alimentados com ração contendo semente de girassol. Utilizaram-se 16 cordeiros distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0,00; 6,60; 13,20 ou 19,80% de semente de girassol na matéria natural), cada um com quatro repetições, totalizando 16 cordeiros. As dietas continham 2,65; 2,78; 2,89 e 2,93 Mcal/kg de energia metabolizável e 18,38; 18,75; 19,98 e 21,18% de proteína bruta, respectivamente, e foi fornecida ad libitum. Os cordeiros foram pesados a cada 14 dias e mantidos com as ovelhas até atingirem 28 kg, quando foram abatidos, após jejum de sólidos por 18 horas, para obtenção do peso vivo ao abate e registro do peso da carcaça quente e do conteúdo gastrintestinal, utilizados no cálculo do peso de corpo vazio. As carcaças foram mantidas por 24 horas em câmara frigorífica em temperatura de 5ºC para obtenção do peso de carcaça fria. Os níveis de semente de girassol na dieta não afetaram as características de desempenho dos cordeiros. No entanto, os pesos de carcaça quente e de carcaça fria; os pesos de pescoço, baixo, paleta, costela descoberta, costela, lombo; e os rendimentos comerciais de carcaça e costela descoberta, costela, lombo, paleta, pescoço e baixo sofreram efeito da adição da semente de girassol. O fornecimento de semente de girassol na dieta não influencia as características qualitativas e morfométricas da carcaça de cordeiros.<br>Performance and quantitative and qualitative carcass traits of lambs fed with diets containing sunflower seed were evaluated. Sixteen lambs were randomly distributed to a completely randomized design with four diets (0.00, 6.60, 13.20 or 19.80% of sunflower seed, % as fed), with 4 replications. The diets contained 2.65, 2.78, 2.89 and 2.93 Mcal / kg of metabolize energy and 18.38, 18.75, 19.98 and 21.18% crude protein, respectively, and was ad libitum fed. The lambs were weighed every 14 days and kept with the ewes until they reached 28 kg, when were slaughtered, after solid fasting for 18 hours, to obtain slaughter body weight and recording hot carcass weight and gastrointestinal content, used in the calculation of empty body weight. The carcasses were kept for 24 hours in a cold room temperature of 5ºC to obtain cold carcass weight. Sunflower seed levels in the diet did not affect the performance characteristics of lambs. However, the hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight, the weights of neck, low, shoulder, rib, thru rib, loin and carcass commercial yields and rib, thru rib, loin, shoulder, neck and low showed effect of sunflower seed addition. The addition of sunflower seed in the diet does not influence the qualitative and morphometric characteristics of carcass of lambs