Assessment of Attention Deficits in Adolescent Offspring Exposed to Maternal Type 1 Diabetes

The aim of this study was to examine the potential association between intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and attention deficits in the offspring.Adolescent offspring of a prospectively followed cohort of women with type 1 diabetes (n = 269) and a control group from the background population (n = 293) participated in a follow-up assessment in 2012-2013. We used scores from Conners Continuous Performance Test II to assess attention and based on a principal component analysis we evaluated scores on five different attention factors: focused attention, vigilance, hyperactivity/impulsivity, sustained attention and response style.A higher frequency of the exposed offspring had a parent/self-reported use of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medication compared to the control group (2.2% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.01). Clinical significant differences between adolescents exposed to maternal diabetes and unexposed controls were not found in either single scores on Conners Continuous Performance Test or on any of the five attention factors identified.Exposure to maternal type 1 diabetes did not seem to increase the risk of attention deficits in the adolescent offspring. However, a higher self-reported use of ADHD medication in the exposed group could suggest a difference in attention not revealed by the applied test

Tre matematiklæreres praksisfortolkninger af læremidler

Anvendelsen af læremidler i matematikundervisningen har udviklet og ændret sig meget i løbet af det sidste årti. I denne artikel undersøger vi mere specifikt, på hvilken måde en lærers drivkræfter (Siedel & Stylianides, 2018) påvirker de forskellige didaktiske transformationer, der foregår mellem læremidler og læremidler i brug både i forhold til intentioner i læremidlet, undervisningen, som præsenteres af læreren, og oplægget realiseret i interaktionen i klassen (Stein, Remillard & Smith, 2007). Tre kompetente lærere fra forskellige regioner i Danmark er blevet udvalgt, interviewet, observeret og videofilmet. De tre lærere er derefter blevet klassificeret ud fra Siedel og Stylianides’ (2018) kategoriseringer af læreres forskellige drivkræfter til undervisning og efterfølgende perspektiveret i forhold til Rezat og Sträßers (2012) sociodidaktiske tetraeder. Resultaterne indikerer, at lærernes drivkræfter tydeligvis påvirker lærernes transformationer af læremidlerne. Dette visualiseres synligt i det sociodidaktiske tetraeder. Denne påvirkning ved læreres brug af læremidler er væsentlig at italesætte både på læreruddannelsen og i efteruddannelsesprogrammer.The use of teaching resources in mathematics teaching has developed and changed over the last decade. In this article, we examine more specifically how a teacher's driving forces (Siedel and Stylianides, 2018) affect the different didactic transformations and interpretations that take place between teaching resources and teaching in relation to intentions in the teaching resources, the teaching presented by the teacher and the interactions in the classroom (Stein et al., 2007). Three competent teachers from different regions in Denmark have been selected, interviewed, observed and videotaped. The three teachers have been classified based on Siedel and Stylianides '(2018) categorizations of teachers' different driving forces for teaching and subsequent discussions were made in relation to Rezat and Sträßer's (2012) sociodidactic tetrahedron. The results indicate that the driving forces of teachers clearly influence teachers' transformations and interpretations of teaching resources in a very visible way in the sociodidactic tetrahedron. This is important to mention in both teacher education and in-service training programs

A mouse model of the schizophrenia-associated 1q21.1 microdeletion syndrome exhibits altered mesolimbic dopamine transmission

Abstract 1q21.1 hemizygous microdeletion is a copy number variant leading to eightfold increased risk of schizophrenia. In order to investigate biological alterations induced by this microdeletion, we generated a novel mouse model (Df(h1q21)/+) and characterized it in a broad test battery focusing on schizophrenia-related assays. Df(h1q21)/+ mice displayed increased hyperactivity in response to amphetamine challenge and increased sensitivity to the disruptive effects of amphetamine and phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) on prepulse inhibition. Probing of the direct dopamine (DA) pathway using the DA D1 receptor agonist SKF-81297 revealed no differences in induced locomotor activity compared to wild-type mice, but Df(h1q21)/+ mice showed increased sensitivity to the DA D2 receptor agonist quinpirole and the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine. Electrophysiological characterization of DA neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area revealed more spontaneously active DA neurons and increased firing variability in Df(h1q21)/+ mice, and decreased feedback reduction of DA neuron firing in response to amphetamine. In a range of other assays, Df(h1q21)/+ mice showed no difference from wild-type mice: gross brain morphology and basic functions such as reflexes, ASR, thermal pain sensitivity, and motor performance were unaltered. Similarly, anxiety related measures, baseline prepulse inhibition, and seizure threshold were unaltered. In addition to the central nervous system-related phenotypes, Df(h1q21)/+ mice exhibited reduced head-to tail length, which is reminiscent of the short stature reported in humans with 1q21.1 deletion. With aspects of both construct and face validity, the Df(h1q21)/+ model may be used to gain insight into schizophrenia-relevant alterations in dopaminergic transmission

Genome-Wide Association Study and Functional Characterization Identifies Candidate Genes for Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake

Distinct tissue-specific mechanisms mediate insulin action in fasting and postprandial states. Previous genetic studies have largely focused on insulin resistance in the fasting state, where hepatic insulin action dominates. Here we studied genetic variants influencing insulin levels measured 2 h after a glucose challenge in \u3e55,000 participants from three ancestry groups. We identified ten new loci (P \u3c 5 × 10-8) not previously associated with postchallenge insulin resistance, eight of which were shown to share their genetic architecture with type 2 diabetes in colocalization analyses. We investigated candidate genes at a subset of associated loci in cultured cells and identified nine candidate genes newly implicated in the expression or trafficking of GLUT4, the key glucose transporter in postprandial glucose uptake in muscle and fat. By focusing on postprandial insulin resistance, we highlighted the mechanisms of action at type 2 diabetes loci that are not adequately captured by studies of fasting glycemic traits