À propos de l'évolution du parti communiste d'Espagne

Claudin Fernando. À propos de l'évolution du parti communiste d'Espagne. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 21, 1971. Colloque de Cabris : sociologie et révolution. pp. 219-226

COMUNISMO E SOCIAL-DEMOCRACIA

Estamos presenciando o fim de uma época histórica, iniciada com a revolução bolchevique e a cisão de 1919, na qual comunismo e social-democracia  se enfrentam permanentemente

COMUNISMO E SOCIAL-DEMOCRACIA

Estamos presenciando o fim de uma época histórica, iniciada com a revolução bolchevique e a cisão de 1919, na qual comunismo e social-democracia  se enfrentam permanentemente

Health assessments uncover novel viral sequences in five species of Galapagos tortoises

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have been reported as causes of morbidity and mortality in free-living animal populations, including turtles and tortoises, and they have even resulted in species extinctions, with human activities contributing to the spread of many of these diseases. In the Galapagos, giant tortoises are endangered due to habitat change, invasive species, and other human impacts; however, the impact of EIDs on Galapagos tortoise conservation remains understudied. To fill this gap, we conducted health assessments of five tortoise species from the islands of Santa Cruz, Isabela and Española. We performed health evaluations of 454 animals and PCR testing for pathogens known to be relevant in other tortoise species. We identified two novel sequences of adenoviruses and four of herpesviruses. Based on alignments of the DNA polymerase gene and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses, we found both novel adenoviruses to be most closely related to red footed tortoise adenovirus 2, by nucleotide sequence and red footed tortoise adenovirus 1, based on amino acid sequence. Three of the herpesvirus sequences translated into the same deduced amino acid sequence; therefore, they may be considered the same viral species, closely related to terrapene herpesvirus 2. The fourth herpesvirus sequence was highly divergent from any sequence previously detected and is related to an eagle owl herpesvirus based on nucleotide sequence and to loggerhead oro-cutaneous herpesvirus based on amino acids. These novel viruses may be pathogenic for giant tortoises under specific conditions (e.g., stress). Continued screening is crucial to determine if these viruses play a role in tortoise fitness, morbidity and survival. This information allows us to provide recommendations to the Galapagos National Park Directorate and other institutions to improve the management of these unique species both in Galapagos and globally, and for tortoise reintroduction plans throughout the archipelago.Peer reviewe

Antimicrobial resistance in Galapagos tortoises as an indicator of the growing human footprint

Pág.9 Environmental PollutionAntimicrobial resistance has become one of the main public health threats worldwide with anthropogenic activities driving the spread of resistance. Understanding and combatting the spread of resistant bacteria is a top priority for global health institutions, and it is included as one of the main goals of the One Health initiative. Giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.), some of the most iconic species on Earth, are widely distributed across the Galapagos archipelago and are thus perfect candidates to test the hypothesis that wildlife species in the Galapagos carry antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) associated with human activities. We sampled a total of 200 free-living Galapagos tortoises from western Santa Cruz Island (C. porteri), the most human-populated island of the archipelago, and 70 tortoises (C. vandenburghi) from the isolated Alcedo Volcano on Isabela Island, a natural area with minimal human presence. Fecal samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR for a panel of 21 ARGs conferring resistance for eight antimicrobial classes. We found ARGs in both Santa Cruz and Alcedo Volcano giant tortoises; however, both qualitative and quantitative results showed higher loads of ARGs in tortoises inhabiting the human modified environments of Santa Cruz. Moreover, Santa Cruz tortoises sampled in higher human-modified landscapes (i.e., farmlands and urban areas) presented a higher number of ARGs, antimicrobial classes, and multi-resistant microbiomes than those from less anthropized areas within the same island. Our findings suggest that human activities in Galapagos have a negative impact on ecosystem health through ARG dispersal. This research highlights a new threat for the health and conservation of the unique wildlife of the Galapagos, their ecosystems, and the humans inhabiting this World Heritage Site. Our recommendation to local policy makers is to control and reduce the use of antibiotics in both human and animal health, thus helping enforce antimicrobial regulations.This work was supported by the Galapagos National Park Directorate, Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis WildCare Institute Center for Chelonian Conservation, the AAZV Wild Animal Health Fund (WAHF #37), IWC Schaffhausen, Houston Zoo, Galapagos Conservation Trust, Charles Darwin Foundation, Ecoventura, and Linda Esler. A special recognition for their contributions goes to Stephen Blake, José Haro, Anne Guezou, Karina Ramón, Laura Kleinschmidt, Surya Castillo, Joshua Vela, Manuel Haro, Unler Greffa, Jamie Palmer, Kathleen Apakupakul, Elena Neves, Irene Peña, Irene Sacristán, and Olga Calatayud. This publication is contribution number 2401 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands.Peer reviewe

Problemi di storia dell'Internazionale comunista (1919-1939). Relazioni tenute al Seminario di studi organizzato dalla Fondazione Luigi Einaudi

Studi n. 1