Correlation between nucleotide diversity of NS1 and viral load.

<p>On x-axis, NS1 nucleotide diversity, expressed as Nucleotide Substitution/Site X 10⁻⁴; on y-axis, viral load expressed as log₁₀ copies/mL.</p

Demographic, Clinical and Virological Features of the Study Patients.

<p>Demographic, Clinical and Virological Features of the Study Patients.</p

<i>In-Depth</i> Analysis of HA and NS1 Genes in A(H1N1)pdm09 Infected Patients - Fig 2

<p>Frequency of minority variants of HA (panel A) and NS1 (panel B) proteins in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus present in the nasopharyngeal swabs of 12 out of 13 patients of the study. Each patient is identified by a color code. The amino acid positions are referred to A/California/07/2009(H1N1), adopted as reference for this analysis (H1 numbering excluding the signal peptide).</p

Levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA in PBMC from the HCV-infected naïve subjects grouped according to their <i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> genotype combinations.

<p>Panel A. Group 1: <i>IFNL3</i> CC and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> favourable, <i>IFNL4</i> favourable), n = 8; Group 2: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> unfavourable and <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 10; Group 3: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG (<i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> unfavourable) n = 14. The results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin (median, IQR). Levels of IP10 mRNA in PBMC from the various groups after 3h of exposure to 10³ IU/ml IFN-alpha2b <i>in vitro</i>, according to their <i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> genotype combinations. Panel B. Group 1: <i>IFNL3</i> CC and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> favourable, <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 6; Group 2: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (IFNL3 unfavourable and <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 11; Group 3: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG (<i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> unfavourable) n = 11. The results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin, after subtraction of values from unexposed cultures (median, IQR). The range of IP10 mRNA levels in unexposed PBMC cultures was 0,375 to 0,967.</p

Characteristics of 32 treatment naive HCV-infected patients included in the study.

<p>Characteristics of 32 treatment naive HCV-infected patients included in the study.</p

IFNAR-1 mRNA levels before and after treatment with IFN-alpha in PBMC from naive HCV-infected patients.

<p>Total cellular RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed from PBMC of naive HCV-infected patients carrying different IL-28B rs12979869 genotypes CC, TT and CT before (<b>Panel A</b>) and after 3 h of exposure to 10³ IU/ml IFN-alpha (<b>Panel B</b>), then mRNA levels for IFNAR-1 were measured. Results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin (median, IQR).</p

Levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA in PBMC from the HCV-infected naïve subjects after 3h of exposure to 10³ IU/ml IFN-alpha2b <i>in vitro</i>, according to their <i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> genotype combinations.

<p>Group 1: <i>IFNL3</i> CC and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> favourable, <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 6; Group 2: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> unfavourable and <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 11; Group 3: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG (<i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> unfavourable) n = 11. The results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin, after subtraction of values from unexposed cultures (median, IQR).</p

Levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA in PBMC from HCV-infected naїve subjects carrying <i>IFNL4</i> ss469415590 TT/TT genotype vs patients carrying the ΔG allele.

<p>Results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin. The horizontal bar indicates median.</p

Time dependent induction of IFNAR-1 mRNA levels following treatment with IFN-lambda in PBMC from healthy donors.

<p>PBMC were exposed to control medium (▪) 10 ng/mL (▪) and 100 ng/mL (□) of IFN-lambda, then mRNA levels for IFNAR-1 were measured at different time points (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin. Results from one representative experiment performed on PBMC from two healthy donors with IL-28B rs12979860 CC (<b>Panel A</b>) and TT (<b>Panel B</b>) genotype are shown.</p

Cellular immune response to different influenza A virus strains.

<p>(A): The frequency of T-cell response specific for A/H3N2/Min/11/10, A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 and for A/H1N1/Cal/07/09 was evaluated by ELISpot assay in HD (n = 45, white bars) and HIV+ patients (n = 46 grey bars). Results are indicated as SCFs/10⁶ peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Statistical analysis was performed using non parametric Mann-Whitney assay. ** p<0.0001. (B): The correlation between T-cell response against A/H3N2/Min/11/10 and A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 is shown, with Pearson's r² and significance, as well as the calculated regression line. HD and HIV+ are reported as white and black circles, respectively.</p