Controle inadequado da pressão arterial em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 Control inadecuado de la presión arterial en pacientes con diabetes melito tipo 2 Inadequate blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

FUNDAMENTO: Existem evidências indicando que o controle pressórico é mais efetivo na redução de complicações macrovasculares do diabete melito (DM) do que o controle glicêmico. No entanto, a redução da PA para os níveis recomendados pelas diretrizes é difícil na prática clínica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o percentual de pacientes que apresentavam simultaneamente DM tipo 2 e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), atendidos em hospital terciário, com controle pressórico adequado, e determinar os fatores clínicos e laboratoriais associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 348 pacientes com DM tipo 2 e HAS atendidos no ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram submetidos à anamnese, exame físico, com medida da pressão arterial (PA), e foi coletada amostra de sangue e urina para análise laboratorial. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: controle pressórico ideal (< 130/80 mmHg), regular (130-139/80-89 mmHg) ou inadequado (&#8805; 140/90 mmHg). RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 61,2 ± 10,1 anos (46% homens, 80% brancos) e a duração do DM, 14,8 ± 9,5 anos. Do total de pacientes, 17% apresentavam valores ideais de PA, 22% regulares e 61% inadequados. Os pacientes com controle inadequado da PA apresentavam maior duração do DM, cintura abdominal e glicemia de jejum. As demais variáveis foram semelhantes nos três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes avaliados apresentou controle inadequado da PA. Valores mais elevados de PA estão associados a um perfil clínico adverso, representado por maior duração do DM, obesidade abdominal, maior glicemia de jejum e complicações crônicas do DM.<br>FUNDAMENTO: Hay evidencias indicando que el control de presión es más efectivo en la reducción de complicaciones macrovasculares de la diabetes melito (DM) que el control glucémico. Sin embargo, la reducción de la PA para los niveles recomendados por las directrices es difícil en la práctica clínica. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el porcentual de pacientes que presentaban simultáneamente DM tipo 2 y hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), atendidos en hospital terciario, con control de presión adecuado, y determinar los factores clínicos y laboratoriales asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con 348 pacientes con DM tipo 2 y HAS atendidos en el ambulatorio de Endocrinología del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a anamnesis, examen físico, con medición de la presión arterial (PA), y se recolectó muestra de sangre y orina para análisis laboratorial. Los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos: control de presión ideal (< 130/80 mmHg), regular (130-139/80-89 mmHg) o inadecuado (> 140/90 mmHg). RESULTADOS: El promedio de edad fue de 61,2 ± 10,1 años (el 46% hombre, 80% blanco) y la duración del DM, 14,8 ± 9,5 años. Del total de pacientes, el 17% expresaba valores ideales de PA, el 22% regular y el 61% inadecuados. Los pacientes con control inadecuado de la PA expresaban mayor duración del DM, cintura abdominal y glucemia de ayuno. Las demás variables se asemejaron en los tres grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayoría de los pacientes evaluados presentó control inadecuado de la PA. Valores más elevados de PA están asociados a un perfil clínico adverso, representado por mayor duración del DM, obesidad abdominal, mayor glucemia de ayuno y complicaciones crónicas del DM.<br>BACKGROUND: There is evidence indicating that blood pressure control is more effective in reducing macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) than glycemic control. However, the reduction in BP to levels recommended by international guidelines is difficult in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the percentage of patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension (HBP) assisted in a tertiary hospital with adequate blood pressure control and to determine the clinical and laboratory factors related. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 348 patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension assisted in the outpatient clinic of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients underwent history assessment, physical examination, with measurement of blood pressure (BP), and samples were collected from blood and urine for laboratory analysis. Patients were divided into 3 three groups: optimal (< 130/80 mmHg), regular (130-139/80-89 mmHg) or inadequate blood pressure control (&#8805; 140/90 mmHg). RESULTS: The mean age was 61.2 ± 10.1 years (46% men, 80% white) and DM duration, 14.8 ± 9.5 years. Eighteen per cent of the patients studied, 17% of patients had optimal BP value, 22% regular BP value and 61% inadequate BP value. Patients with inadequate BP control had longer diabetes duration, waist circumference and fasting glucose. The other variables were similar in 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Most patients assessed had inadequate BP control. Higher BP values are associated with an adverse clinical profile, represented by longer diabetes duration, abdominal obesity, higher fasting glucose and chronic complications of diabetes

Endothelin-1 gene polymorphisms and diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background and aims: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease worldwide and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. The endothelin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and renal dysfunction. In the present study, the association of DKD with polymorphisms in ET-1 (EDN1) and ETRA (EDNRA) genes was analyzed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A case–control study was conducted in 548 white T2DM patients. Patients with proteinuria or on dialysis were considered cases and patients with normoalbuminuria were considered controls. Two polymorphisms in the EDN1 gene (rs1800541 and rs57072783) and five in EDNRA gene (rs6842241; rs4835083; rs4639051; rs5333 and rs5343) were genotyped and haplotype analyses were performed. Results: The presence of rs57072783 T allele (TT/TG vs. GG) or rs1800541 G allele (GG/GT vs. TT) protected against DKD (OR = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.48–0.99, P = 0.049; and OR = 0.60, 95 % CI 0.41–0.88, P = 0.009, respectively). However in multivariate analyses, only the rs1800541 G allele remained independently associated with DKD (P = 0.046). Conclusions: The present study shows that ET-1 could be involved in the pathogenesis of DKD in patients with T2DM