Semigroup graded rings

Let S be a semigroup. A ring R with a direct sum decomposition R = ⊕ Rs such that RsRt ⊆ Rst for elements s and t in S is called a semigroup graded ring. -- In this thesis, we develop techniques for studying such rings based on the structure theory of semigroups. We apply these techniques to investigate various ring theoretic properties of semigroup graded rings. -- In many cases, we relate a property of R to the components Re indexed by idempotent elements e of the grading semigroup S. If S is finite, then R is perfect, semilocal, or semiprimary if and only if the same is true of each such component Re. We prove that the nilpotency of the Jacobson radical of each Re is sufficient for the nilpotency of the Jacobson radical of R for rings graded by finite semigroups, and obtain a similar condition for the Jacobson radical to be locally nilpotent for rings graded by locally finite semigroups. We also show that R is a Jacobson ring if each Re is a Jacobson ring and S is finite. -- We show that cancellativity is a necessary condition on a semigroup S in order that the Jacobson radical of each S-graded ring be homogeneous. With certain restrictions on the graded ring, we completely classify commutative semigroups and regular semigroups for which the Jacobson radical of each S-graded ring is homogeneous. -- A result of Zelmanov that only finite semigroups admit right Artinian semigroup algebras is generalised to show that, under certain conditions, a right Artinian semigroup graded ring necessarily has finite support. -- We find necessary and sufficient conditions for rings graded by elementary Rees matrix semigroups to be semisimple Artinian. These rings are one of the essential pieces in the structure theory of graded rings that we develop herein. --Results on nilpotence and perfectness are generalised to semigroup graded rings with finite support

Molecular Basis of Manufacturing

This paper describes the Biotechnology Innovation and Regulatory Science course named The Molecular Basis of Manufacturing. This course covers drug manufacture including excipients, basic formulation, basic DOE analysis, and analysis of the final drug product (typically tablets or capsules). Molecular interpretation of formulations is discussed. The modules in the course are described as well as other course materials including quizzes and discussion questions. This paper will assist with the development of course in this area throughout the entire world

Identifying Essential Genes for the Assembly and Function of Tails in Novel Myoviridae Bacteriophages

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacterial hosts. They are typically composed of a head, a tail, and fibers on the tail that allow it to attach to the bacterial membrane. Myoviridae are a family of bacteriophage that are distinct for their short, contractile tails that undergo conformational changes when they attach to bacteria, which are essential to inject its genetic material into the cell. The purpose of this research is to utilize genetic sequencing and comparative genomics to identify the genes that allow for the tail structure, conformation change, and attachment in novel Myoviridae bacteriophages. In characterizing these genomes, patterns can be developed across viruses that can help further understand the mechanism through which bacterial infection occurs, which can be applied to healthcare, food safety, and more

Inkjet Printing of Polarized Yeast Cells

The motivation is to applying engineering knowledge to develop 3D bio-printing in inkjet printer (first stage--monolayer). To achieve the goal, there are three problems to solve. First, we have to figure out regulation of growth of target cells; inability to regulate the location and pattern of growing cells make us even unable to build 3D printer in the direct way. Second problem is how to protect of yeast cells from high temperature and viscous force when printing. The third issue is how to modify the inkjet printer especially the feeding system in order to implement printing on other materials rather than paper. We obtain inspiration that building a synthetic polarization system that include positive feedback and mutual inhibition can generate artificial PIP3 and CDC42 poles in living cells. We program the proper genetic circuit inside yeast that leading polarization in specific spatial position. After building the exogenous polarization network, we found we cannot solve the upward/downward overlap of yeast cells for any ways that difficult to form single layer. The attempt solution of protecting cells is adding certain amount of sugars and salts into medium; as a result viscosity of medium, heat conductivity will decrease meanwhile the medium would not be toxic to yeast cells. The experimental results demonstrate glucose tends to decrease the surface tension of cells that help distribute cells monolayer in the physical way. Result shows yeast cells are growing well in the pattern that being set before printing, meanwhile, they are distributed in monolayer at a high possibility just as expected, the validity supports polarization could be a feasible way in 3D tissue printing

Development of Next Generation Phage Applications Using -omics and Machine Learning

Phages are viruses that infect bacteria and use their host machinery to replicate. They are one of the most ubiquitous and diverse biological entities in the biosphere with a long evolutionary history. There is renewed interest in phage therapeutics due to increased levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and decreased numbers of newly developed antibiotics. Phages also have applications in food safety, water quality, biocontrol, vaccines, and the global nutrient cycle. Both bacteria and phages employ internal and external self-defense strategies to outcompete one another which in turn drives genomic evolution. While many phage genomes have been sequenced and annotated, proteomic and lipidomic profiles of phage have barely been explored especially in terms of infection stage and lysogeny. This review highlights the need for characterizing the phage-host relationship on an -omics level with the addition of tools such as machine learning. By further understanding the dynamic interplay between phages and their hosts, synthetic biology can be utilized to engineer new solutions to combat our current global health, agricultural, and environmental challenges

Identifying Non-Traditional Slippery Sequences Associated with Translational Frameshifts

Genetic frameshifts are a mutation in whicha nucleotide skip leads to a shift in thereading frame. In viruses, these frameshiftscan be programmed using a slipperysequence to bypass the stop codonassociated with the initial protein. Thisallows for variable control of proteinexpression. In bacteriophages, translationalframeshifts have been identified but only afew have been proven experimentally. Usingexperimental data and comparativegenomics, non-traditional slipperysequences can be identified as assisting incontrolling the protein coding throughoutviruses. Novel slippery sequences can aid inthe understanding of protein expression inbiological environments and further theunderstanding of how viruses utilize theframeshift to their advantage. Thisadvantage can potentially lead the way incontrolling the expression of select proteins in pharmaceutical industry

SEA-PHAGES Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience for Creating a Biotechnology Workforce Development Pipeline

Purdue University has been a member of the SEA-PHAGES (Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science) program since 2011. This program, created in conjunction with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), facilitates undergraduate curriculum for the authentic discovery of novel bacteriophages within the classroom. Since joining the program, undergraduates at Purdue have harnessed wet lab and bioinformatics principles to contribute over 200 previously uncharacterized bacteriophages and 25 novel genomes to the wider scientific literature. The SEA-PHAGES classes at Purdue have resulted in tangible professional deliverables for students through conference presentations and publications. Student outcomes also include transferable skills such as knowledge of aseptic technique, the nature of science, and genomic annotation which positions the classes as ideal platforms for workforce development for the biotechnology industry

Use of Excel Spreadsheet Calculators in Handling Data Generated From UV- Spectrometer

To ease the complexities of handling data generated from different analytical procedures, validated excel spreadsheet containing relevant formulas are developed to ensure the process of data handling will consistently produce the expected results. This paper introduces the use of Excel spreadsheets in handling data generated from using a UV-Spectrometer in determination of analyte concentration in various dosage form

Instituting Process Control Mechanisms in a Quality Control Analytical Chemistry Laboratory

Statistical Process Control by means of using control charts was a means of monitoring performance of analytical equipment. Quality control checks on test items using these equipment generated data used for plotting X-bar charts. The charts generated had warning and control limits which helped monitor system performanc