Vegan diets : practical advice for athletes and exercisers.

With the growth of social media as a platform to share information, veganism is becoming more visible, and could be becoming more accepted in sports and in the health and fitness industry. However, to date, there appears to be a lack of literature that discusses how to manage vegan diets for athletic purposes. This article attempted to review literature in order to provide recommendations for how to construct a vegan diet for athletes and exercisers. While little data could be found in the sports nutrition literature specifically, it was revealed elsewhere that veganism creates challenges that need to be accounted for when designing a nutritious diet. This included the sufficiency of energy and protein; the adequacy of vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and vitamin D; and the lack of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in most plant-based sources. However, via the strategic management of food and appropriate supplementation, it is the contention of this article that a nutritive vegan diet can be designed to achieve the dietary needs of most athletes satisfactorily. Further, it was suggested here that creatine and β-alanine supplementation might be of particular use to vegan athletes, owing to vegetarian diets promoting lower muscle creatine and lower muscle carnosine levels in consumers. Empirical research is needed to examine the effects of vegan diets in athletic populations however, especially if this movement grows in popularity, to ensure that the health and performance of athletic vegans is optimised in accordance with developments in sports nutrition knowledge

Psychologie de la mémoire humaine : de nouvelles avancées théoriques et méthodologiques//Psychology ofhuman memory : Theoretical and melhodological progress

Clarys David. Psychologie de la mémoire humaine : de nouvelles avancées théoriques et méthodologiques//Psychology ofhuman memory : Theoretical and melhodological progress. In: L'année psychologique. 2001 vol. 101, n°3-4. pp. 495-519

Les troubles mnésiques épisodiques dans la maladie d Alzheimer (étude des relations entre la mémoire et le soi)

Le symptôme majeur de la maladie d'Alzheimer réside en des troubles de mémoire épisodique massifs dont les premiers signes alertent en général l'entourage des patients. Le retentissement de ces troubles dans la vie des malades est important et fait partie des causes qui déterminent leur institutionnalisation. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'apporter une interprétation cognitive et affective de ces troubles au travers de l'étude des relations qu'entretiennent le self et la mémoire. L'ensemble de nos résultats confirme que les patients Alzheimer présentent un déficit de conscience autonoétique qui se traduit par leur incapacité à revivre mentalement des évènements du passé. La conscience noétique des patients semble rester, quant à elle, relativement préservée, au moins jusqu'à un stade modéré de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces difficultés de prise de conscience du self dans le passé pourrait expliquer les oublis caractéristiques de cette pathologie : les patients ne pourraient plus accéder aux images leur permettant de valider ou non l'exécution d'un plan d'action. En effet, ce travail de thèse met en évidence que la structure cognitive responsable de la gestion des buts, le self cognitif, connaît des dysfonctionnements au cours de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Défaillant, le self cognitif exercerait alors un biais de contrôle pathologique sur la cognition des patients, se traduisant par une importance plus grande accordée au principe de cohérence qu'au principe de correspondance...Episodic memory deficits are almost always the first cognitive impairment in Alzheimer s disease (AD). They often alert people around the patient at first sight. Consequences of such troubles in the AD patient s daily life become a decisive factor when the question of the institutionalization appears. The aim of this study was first to give a cognitive and affective interpretation of the episodic impairments through the examination of the relationship between memory and self. In overall, our results confirm that AD patients experience specific difficulty accessing autonoetic consciousness, that is to say mentally bring back events of the past, whereas noetic consciousness remains well-preserved, at least until a moderate stage of the disease Those difficulties with autonoetic consciousness could explain some typical episodic memory impairments. This would unable AD patients to access images and thus would affect their capacity to monitor their plan of action. Indeed, our work reveals that the cognitive system which is responsible for the goal management, also called the working self, is impaired in AD. Then, the failing working self would bring a pathological inhibitory control on patients cognition which would convey a better attention to principle of coherence than to principle of correspondence. In consequence, this process would distort conscious remembering processes of personal information, thus maintaining an out-of-date self which corresponds to the well-known symptom of anosognosia in dementia. Indeed, we have put to the fore that the treatment of affective information seems to cancel the control process of the working self, leading to a spontaneous recollective experience related to the related-to-the disease self...POITIERS-BU Droit Lettres (861942101) / SudocPOITIERS-MSHS (861942220) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les effets de la méditation de pleine conscience sur les symptômes cognitivo-émotionnels dans le trouble cognitif léger et la maladie d'Alzheimer : une revue de littérature narrative

International audienceAlzheimer’s disease is characterized by memory disorders and global cognitive decline, along with affective and behavioral symptoms. Considering drugs have limited effects, it seems necessary to use non-pharmacological interventions in order to reduce the symptoms of dementia. Mindfulness, which has positive effects on cognitive functioning and emotional state, would be a promising therapeutic option. The present narrative literature review examines the studies that tested the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for people with, or at risk of, Alzheimer’s disease. The results indicate that mindfulness-based interventions reduce the cognitive symptoms (attention and memory deficits) as well as the emotional symptoms (depression and anxiety in particular) of dementia. However, those interventions need to be adapted to older adults.La maladie d'Alzheimer se manifeste par des troubles de la mémoire et un déclin cognitif plus général, le plus souvent associés à des troubles de l'humeur et du comportement. Les traitements médicamenteux ayant une efficacité assez modeste, il apparaît nécessaire de leur associer une prise en charge non pharmacologique. La méditation de pleine conscience, qui a des effets bénéfiques sur le fonctionnement cognitif et sur l'état émotionnel, semble être une piste intéressante. Cette revue de littérature narrative se propose de recenser les études ayant testé l'efficacité d'une intervention basée sur la pleine conscience auprès de personnes souffrant de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou à risque de développer cette maladie. Il apparaît que ces interventions présentent un intérêt pour réduire les symptômes cognitifs (troubles attentionnels et mnésiques notamment) et émotionnels (affects dépressifs et anxiété en particulier). Cependant, elles nécessitent un certain nombre de modifications pour être adaptées à ce public

Self-referential processing in Alzheimer's disease: Two different ways of processing self-knowledge?

International audienceTwo previous studies showed that self-reference encoding had no effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' recollective experience when it was compared to other-reference encoding, whereas it did have an effect when it was compared to semantic processing, but only for emotional trait adjectives. In the present study, the performance of 22 AD patients was compared with that of 21 normal controls on a task involving recognition of emotional versus neutral adjective traits following self-reference versus other-reference encoding, using the remember/know/guess paradigm. Results showed that although AD patients had a positive explicit view of themselves, their self became salient for negative adjective traits only. We concluded that there might exist two ways of processing self-referential knowledge in human cognition: one explicit and the other more implicit

Remembering – but not knowing – disturbs the relational bindings newly established in short-term/working memory: an age-group comparison

International audienceThe aim of this study was to highlight that episodic memory and working memory compete for the same resource, which would be diminished in aging. Using the remember/know paradigm, we compared the interference related to the retrieval of words on the parallel processing of preestablished relational bindings (Shifting condition) or newly established relational bindings (Updating condition). Within each age-group, participants had comparable performances in remembering across recognition conditions. However, the results showed that only updating activity was impaired after a remember response was given in the younger group. This specific interaction between updating and remembering – but not knowing – tends to indicate that both working memory and episodic memory rely on the ability to establish contextualized representations. In the older group, the performance in updating activity was impaired regardless of the kind of the competing retrieval. Limitations in terms of interference hypothesis and limited resource hypothesis are discussed

The effect of ageing on recollection: the role of the binding updating process

International audienceThe aim of this study was to highlight the underlying process responsible for the age-related deficit in recollection. Through two experiments using the Remember-Know-Guess procedure (Gardiner, J. M., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. [2000]. Remembering and knowing. In The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 229–244). New York, NY: Oxford University Press) in recognition, we manipulated the opportunity to update bindings between target items and their encoding context, in young and older adults. In the first experiment we impaired the binding updating process during the encoding of items, while in the second we supported this process. The results indicated that the “Remember” responses in the younger group were specifically reduced by the impairment of the binding updating process (Exp. 1), suggesting that this ability is useful for them to encode a specific episode. Conversely, only the “Remember” responses in the older group were improved in accuracy by supporting the binding updating process (Exp. 2), suggesting that their weakness in this ability is the source of their failure to improve the accuracy of their memories. The overall results support the hypothesis that the age-related decline in episodic memory is partly due to a greater vulnerability to interference on bindings, impairing the ability to update content-context bindings as and when events occur

Self-Reference Effect and Autonoetic Consciousness in Alzheimer Disease

International audienceEpisodic memory deficits are predominately the first cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous studies have demonstrated that these deficits are specifically linked to autonoetic consciousness impairment, whereas noetic consciousness remains preserved in AD. This study focused on the self-reference effect and examined emotional valence, as it has been shown that emotional content can enhance memory in AD. A task involving recognition of emotional versus neutral adjective traits after self-reference versus semantic encoding, and using the Remember/Know/Guess paradigm was administered to 22 AD patients and 18 normal controls. Results for AD patients show that self-reference increased autonoetic consciousness only for emotional and particularly negative trait adjectives. This interesting result indicates that neutral valence does not allow properties of the self to emerge in AD patients because of the progressive loss of the sense of self-linked to the disease, whereas emotional valence does

The memory deficit hypothesis of compulsive checking in OCD: what are we really talking about? A narrative review

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Effortful memory processes under stereotype threat and self-concept in aging

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