A Short and Somewhat Personal History of Yukon Glacier Studies in the Twentieth Century

Glaciological exploration of the Yukon for scientific purposes began in 1935, with the National Geographic Society’s Yukon Expedition led by Bradford Washburn and the Wood Yukon Expedition led by Walter Wood. However, Project “Snow Cornice,” launched by Wood in 1948, was the first expedition to have glacier science as its principal focus. Wood’s conception of the “Icefield Ranges Research Project” led the Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) to establish the Kluane Lake Research Station on the south shore of Kluane Lake in 1961. Virtually all subsequent field studies of Yukon glaciers were launched from this base. This short history attempts to document the trajectory of Yukon glacier studies from their beginnings in 1935 to the end of the 20th century. It describes glaciological programs conducted from AINA camps at the divide between Hubbard Glacier and the north arm of Kaskawulsh Glacier and at the confluence of the north and central arms of Kaskawulsh Glacier, as well as the galvanizing influence of the 1965 – 67 Steele Glacier surge and the inception and completion of the long-term Trapridge Glacier study. Excluded or minimized in this account are scientific studies that were conducted on or near glaciers, but did not have glaciers or glacier processes as their primary focus.L’exploration glaciologique du Yukon à des fins scientifiques remonte à 1935, à l’occasion de l’expédition du Yukon par la National Geographic Society dirigée par Bradford Washburn et de l’expédition Wood Yukon dirigée par Walter Wood. Cependant, le projet « Snow Cornice » mis en oeuvre par Walter Wood en 1948 a été la toute première expédition à être axée principalement sur la science des glaciers. En fait, le projet de recherche sur les chaînons des glaciers mis au point par Walter Wood a incité l’Institut arctique de l’Amérique du Nord (IAAN) à mettre sur pied la station de recherche du lac Kluane sur la rive sud du lac Kluane en 1961. Presque toutes les autres études sur le terrain relativement aux glaciers du Yukon ont eu cette base comme point de départ. Cette brève histoire tente de répertorier la trajectoire des études des glaciers du Yukon depuis leurs débuts en 1935 jusqu’à la fin du XXe siècle. On y décrit les programmes glaciologiques réalisés à partir des camps de l’IAAN à la ligne de partage entre le glacier Hubbard et le bras nord du glacier Kaskawulsh ainsi qu’à la confluence des bras nord et centre du glacier Kaskawulsh. On y décrit également l’influence de galvanisation de la crue du glacier Steele de 1965 à 1967 ainsi que la création et l’achèvement de l’étude à long terme du glacier Trapridge. Cette brève histoire aborde à peine, voire pas du tout, les études scientifiques réalisées sur les glaciers ou près de ceux-ci, études pour lesquelles les glaciers ou les processus des glaciers n’étaient pas le point de mire

History and Bathymetry of a Surge-dammed Lake

A survey was made in 1974 of the small lake which had formed as a result of the surge advance of Steele Glacier, Yukon Territory, in 1965-68. Maximum lake level is controlled by a drainage channel which passes over rock near the hydrologic left margin of Steele Glacier. Since the surge advance of 1965-68 the lake has twice drained subglacially, producing minor outburst floods on Steele Creek and increasing the discharge of the Donjek River which crosses the probable route of the Alaska Highway pipeline

Red Queen Coevolution on Fitness Landscapes

Species do not merely evolve, they also coevolve with other organisms. Coevolution is a major force driving interacting species to continuously evolve ex- ploring their fitness landscapes. Coevolution involves the coupling of species fit- ness landscapes, linking species genetic changes with their inter-specific ecological interactions. Here we first introduce the Red Queen hypothesis of evolution com- menting on some theoretical aspects and empirical evidences. As an introduction to the fitness landscape concept, we review key issues on evolution on simple and rugged fitness landscapes. Then we present key modeling examples of coevolution on different fitness landscapes at different scales, from RNA viruses to complex ecosystems and macroevolution.Comment: 40 pages, 12 figures. To appear in "Recent Advances in the Theory and Application of Fitness Landscapes" (H. Richter and A. Engelbrecht, eds.). Springer Series in Emergence, Complexity, and Computation, 201

Rationale and design of the IRON-AF study: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with atrial fibrillation and iron deficiency

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with significantly impaired quality-of-life. Iron deficiency (ID) is prevalent in patients with AF. Correction of ID in other patient populations with intravenous iron supplementation has been shown to be a safe, convenient and effective way of improving exercise tolerance, fatigue and quality-of-life. The IRON-AF (Effect of Iron Repletion in Atrial Fibrillation) study is designed to assess the effect of iron repletion with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with AF and ID. Methods and Analysis: The IRON-AF study is a double-blind, randomised controlled trial that will recruit at least 84 patients with AF and ID. Patients will be randomised to receive infusions of either ferric carboxymaltose or placebo, given in repletion and then maintenance doses. The study will have follow-up visits at weeks 4, 8 and 12. The primary endpoint is change in peak oxygen uptake from baseline to week 12, as measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. Secondary endpoints include changes in quality-of-life and AF disease burden scores, blood parameters, other CPET parameters, transthoracic echocardiogram parameters, 6-minute walk test distance, 7-day Holter/Event monitor burden of AF, health resource utilisation and mortality. Ethics and dissemination: The study protocol has been approved by the Central Adelaide Local Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee, Australia. The results of this study will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.Samuel J Tu, Adrian D Elliott, Nicole Hanna-Rivero, Celine Gallagher, Ricardo S Mishima, Ellen Lyrtzis, Danielle Wlochowicz, Nicholas AR Clarke, Kurt C Roberts-Thomson, Michael B Stokes, Mehrdad Emami, Dennis H Lau, Prashanthan Sanders, Christopher X Won

Energy Flow in the Hadronic Final State of Diffractive and Non-Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

An investigation of the hadronic final state in diffractive and non--diffractive deep--inelastic electron--proton scattering at HERA is presented, where diffractive data are selected experimentally by demanding a large gap in pseudo --rapidity around the proton remnant direction. The transverse energy flow in the hadronic final state is evaluated using a set of estimators which quantify topological properties. Using available Monte Carlo QCD calculations, it is demonstrated that the final state in diffractive DIS exhibits the features expected if the interaction is interpreted as the scattering of an electron off a current quark with associated effects of perturbative QCD. A model in which deep--inelastic diffraction is taken to be the exchange of a pomeron with partonic structure is found to reproduce the measurements well. Models for deep--inelastic $ep$ scattering, in which a sizeable diffractive contribution is present because of non--perturbative effects in the production of the hadronic final state, reproduce the general tendencies of the data but in all give a worse description.Comment: 22 pages, latex, 6 Figures appended as uuencoded fil