Scenarios of Socioeconomic Development for Studies of Global Environmental Change: A Critical Review

This study (1) critically reviews existing studies of global trends in population, agriculture, and energy with a view toward showing which studies are most useful for which sorts of studies of global environmental change and sustainable development. (2) Synthesizes a single, internally consistent scenario of global changes in population, agriculture, and energy over the next century for use as a "conventional wisdom" reference case for such studies. (3) Creates a number of "surprise-rich" scenarios of world development for use in exploring unconventional, but not impossible, patterns of human activities that might be useful for exploring the outer limits of global environmental change

μSR investigation of magnetism in κ−(ET)2X : Antiferromagnetism

We study magnetism in the κ-(ET)2X family of charge-transfer salts using implanted muon spectroscopy in conjunction with detailed ab initio electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT). ET stands for the electron donor molecule bis(ethylendithio)tetrathiafulvalene and X is an anion. The DFT calculations are used to establish molecular spin distributions, muon stopping sites, and dipolar field parameters, that allow us to make a quantitative interpretation of the experimental results. Materials in the κ-(ET)2X family with X = Ag2(CN)3 and X = Cu2 (CN)3 have attracted particular interest, as they have the attributes of quantum spin liquids, showing no magnetic ordering down to 30 mK in zero field μSR and in NMR, despite having exchange couplings of order 200–250 K. In contrast, the material with X = Cu[N(CN)2]Cl has an antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering transition with TN in the region of 23–30 K. In order to better understand the muon spectroscopy signature of magnetism in this whole family of compounds at both low and high magnetic fields, we look in detail at the case X = Cu[N(CN)2]Cl. As the first step in our study, the spin density distribution for the ET dimer is calculated using DFT and used to simulate the 3.7 T 1 H-NMR spectrum of this salt, with the spectrum showing good agreement with that measured previously [K. Miyagawa, A. Kawamoto, Y. Nakazawa, and K. Kanoda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1174 (1995)]. Best match to the data is found for antiferromagnetic interlayer ordering and an ordered moment per dimer of 0.25 μB. DFT is also used to explore muon stopping sites for this salt, finding one set of sites resulting from muonium addition to C=C double bonds in the ET layer, with muons stopping in the anion layer forming another group of sites. The dipolar fields associated with each of the stopping sites is computed and these are compared with the precession frequencies observed in the ZF-μSR spectrum [M. Ito, T. Uehara, H. Taniguchi, K. Satoh, Y. Ishii, and I. Watanabe, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84, 053703 (2015)]. Best match to the ZF-μSR spectrum is obtained with the mode of interlayer ordering having FM character and an ordered moment per dimer of 0.31 μB for muon sites in the anion layer and 0.36 μB for muonium sites in the ET layer. New measurements of TF-μSR spectra for fields up to 8 T are reported and analyzed to obtain the best estimate of the magnetic order parameter under different measurement conditions, allowing us to observe the variation of TN with applied field and the field-induced transverse canting of the moments

MuFinder: A program to determine and analyse muon stopping sites

Significant progress has recently been made in calculating muon stopping sites using density functional theory. The technique aims to address two of the most common criticisms of the muon-spin spectroscopy (μ+SR) technique, namely, where in the sample does the muon stop, and what is its effect on its local environment. We have designed and developed a program called MuFinder that enables users to carry out these calculations through a simple graphical user interface (GUI). The procedure for calculating muon sites by generating initial muon positions, relaxing the structures, and then clustering and analysing the resulting candidate sites, can be done entirely within the GUI. The local magnetic field at the muon site can also be computed, allowing the connection between the muon sites obtained and experiment to be made. MuFinder will make these computations significantly more accessible to non-experts and help to establish muon site calculations as a routine part of μ+SR experiments

Megahertz dynamics in skyrmion systems probed with muon-spin relaxation

We present longitudinal-field muon-spin relaxation (LF μ SR ) measurements on two systems that stabilize a skyrmion lattice (SkL): Cu 2 OSeO 3 , and Co x Zn y Mn 20 − x − y for ( x , y ) = ( 10 , 10 ) , (8, 9), and (8, 8). We find that the SkL phase of Cu 2 OSeO 3 exhibits emergent dynamic behavior at megahertz frequencies, likely due to collective excitations, allowing the SkL to be identified from the μ SR response. From measurements following different cooling protocols and calculations of the muon stopping site, we suggest that the metastable SkL is not the majority phase throughout the bulk of this material at the fields and temperatures where it is often observed. The dynamics of bulk Co 8 Zn 9 Mn 3 are well described by ≃ 2 GHz excitations that reduce in frequency near the critical temperature, while in Co 8 Zn 8 Mn 4 we observe similar behavior over a wide range of temperatures, implying that dynamics of this kind persist beyond the SkL phase

Transverse field muon-spin rotation signature of the skyrmion-lattice phase in Cu2OSeO3

We present the results of transverse field (TF) muon-spin rotation (μ+SR) measurements on Cu2OSeO3, which has a skyrmion-lattice (SL) phase. We measure the response of the TF μ+SR signal in that phase along with the surrounding ones, and suggest how the phases might be distinguished using the results of these measurements. Dipole field simulations support the conclusion that the muon is sensitive to the SL via the TF line shape and, based on this interpretation, our measurements suggest that the SL is quasistatic on a time scale τ > 100 ns

Anomalous magnetic exchange in a dimerized quantum magnet composed of unlike spin species

We present here a study of the magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic dimer material CuVOF 4 ( H 2 O ) 6 ⋅ H 2 O , in which the dimer unit is composed of two different S = 1 / 2 species, Cu(II) and V(IV). An applied magnetic field of μ 0 H c 1 = 13.1 ( 1 ) T is found to close the singlet-triplet energy gap, the magnitude of which is governed by the antiferromagnetic intradimer J 0 ≈ 21 K, and interdimer J ′ ≈ 1 K, exchange energies, determined from magnetometry and electron-spin resonance measurements. The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations are consistent with the experimental results. The DFT calculations predict antiferromagnetic coupling along all nearest-neighbor bonds, with the magnetic ground state comprising spins of different species aligning antiparallel to one another, while spins of the same species are aligned parallel. The magnetism in this system cannot be accurately described by the overlap between localized V orbitals and magnetic Cu orbitals lying in the Jahn-Teller (JT) plane, with a tight-binding model based on such a set of orbitals incorrectly predicting that interdimer exchange should be dominant. DFT calculations indicate significant spin density on the bridging oxide, suggesting instead an unusual mechanism in which intradimer exchange is mediated through the O atom on the Cu(II) JT axis

A Biased Review of Sociophysics

Various aspects of recent sociophysics research are shortly reviewed: Schelling model as an example for lack of interdisciplinary cooperation, opinion dynamics, combat, and citation statistics as an example for strong interdisciplinarity.Comment: 16 pages for J. Stat. Phys. including 2 figures and numerous reference

The effect of autonomy, training opportunities, age and salaries on job satisfaction in the South East Asian retail petroleum industry

South East Asian petroleum retailers are under considerable pressure to improve service quality by reducing turnover. An empirical methodology from this industry determined the extent to which job characteristics, training opportunities, age and salary influenced the level of job satisfaction, an indicator of turnover. Responses are reported on a random sample of 165 site employees (a 68% response rate) of a Singaporean retail petroleum firm. A restricted multivariate regression model of autonomy and training opportunities explained the majority (35.4%) of the variability of job satisfaction. Age did not moderate these relationships, except for employees >21 years of age, who reported enhanced job satisfaction with additional salary. Human Capital theory, Life Cycle theory and Job Enrichment theory are invoked and explored in the context of these findings in the South East Asian retail petroleum industry. In the South East Asian retail petroleum industry, jobs providing employees with the opportunity to undertake a variety of tasks that enhanced the experienced meaningfulness of work are likely to promote job satisfaction, reduce turnover and increase the quality of service

A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation. Additionally, Machiavellianism appears negatively related to performance, though less so when type and orientation are taken into account.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline