SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003

In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003, a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. Of these, 72 (18%) were probable cases with radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Eight (2%) were laboratory-confirmed SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections, 206 (52%) were SARS-CoV negative, and 184 (46%) had undetermined SARS-CoV status because of missing convalescent-phase serum specimens. Thirty-one percent (124/398) of case-patients were hospitalized; none died. Travel was the most common epidemiologic link (329/398, 83%), and mainland China was the affected area most commonly visited. One case of possible household transmission was reported, and no laboratory-confirmed infections occurred among healthcare workers. Successes and limitations of this emergency surveillance can guide preparations for future outbreaks of SARS or respiratory diseases of unknown etiology

Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Focus on community respiratory virus infections

AbstractGuidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, cosponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, were issued in October 2000. The guidelines recommend that to minimize transmission of community respiratory virus (CRV) infection, health care workers and visitors with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection be restricted from having contact with HSCT recipients and candidates undergoing conditioning therapy. To screen HSCT recipients for CRVs, active clinical surveillance for CRV disease should be conducted on all hospitalized HSCT recipients and candidates undergoing conditioning therapy, including daily monitoring for signs and symptoms of CRV infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important CRV because it is the most prevalent and because RSV pneumonia has a high case-fatality rate. For this reason, it is recommended that respiratory secretions of any hospitalized HSCT candidate or recipient with signs and symptoms of CRV infection be tested promptly for RSV. If test results are positive, the patient should be treated early and aggressively. Early preemptive therapy with such treatments as aerosolized ribavirin has been proposed, but limited data preclude a recommendation as to the optimal strategy. Lifelong seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for all HSCT recipients.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7 Suppl:19S-22S

Survey interview completion and the results of laboratory HIV testing among youth, 15–24 years old, Ethiopia -based HIV impact assessment 2017–2018.

(a) Frequencies and percent estimates are unweighted. (b) The EPHIA defines a non-defacto participant as a usual household member who did not sleep in the household the night before the survey.</p

Percentage^† and prevalence ratio of testing for HIV ≤12 months among HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth (15–24 years), by demographic characteristics, EPHIA 2017–2018.

Percentage† and prevalence ratio of testing for HIV ≤12 months among HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth (15–24 years), by demographic characteristics, EPHIA 2017–2018.</p

Among youth ages 15–24 (HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive), multinomial regression of HIV testing by select demographic characteristics, EPHIA 2017–2018.

Among youth ages 15–24 (HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive), multinomial regression of HIV testing by select demographic characteristics, EPHIA 2017–2018.</p

Engagement in HIV testing among HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth, 15–24 years old, Ethiopia population-based HIV impact assessment 2017–2018.

Flowchart of youth engagement in HIV testing prior to EPHIA survey participation among HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth, aged 15–24 years. (a) percent estimates are weighted using jackknife survey replicate weights. (b) awareness of HIV status was confirmed via participant self-report of HIV status and HIV antiretroviral metabolite testing.</p

Demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and health seeking behaviors of HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth 15–24 years in urban Ethiopia, EPHIA 2017–2018.

Demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and health seeking behaviors of HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth 15–24 years in urban Ethiopia, EPHIA 2017–2018.</p