Study procedures.

<p>During follow-up, socio-demographic, economic, clinical and biological data were collected in mothers at 1^st antenatal clinical visit (ANC), 2^nd ANC and delivery. The same data were also recorded in infants at birth, 6, 9 and 12 months of life. Outside of scheduled visit, haemoglobin concentration and blood smear were performed when malaria signs were present.</p

Factors associated with newborn haemoglobin concentration at birth in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 392 (Univariate and multivariate linear regressions).

<p>(-) Association was not significant in multivariate analysis; 95% CI: Confidence Interval to 95%</p><p>IPTp: Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy</p><p>^† Malaria infection detected in placenta by histology (included past, chronic and active infection).</p><p>Factors associated with newborn haemoglobin concentration at birth in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 392 (Univariate and multivariate linear regressions).</p

Changes of mean haemoglobin level of children during the first year of life according to mother's malaria status at delivery.

<p>Children born to mothers infected by malaria had a lower haemoglobin concentration than children born to non-infected mothers and this trend persisted during all first year of life.</p

Residence of women included in the study.

<p>Red circles: <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria cases; Blue circles: <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> cases. Purple marker: San José hospital.</p

Relation between placental malaria infection or maternal peripheral parasitaemia at delivery and infant haemoglobin level (g/L) during the first year of life in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 337 (multilevel linear regression).

<p>Hb: Haemoglobin; 95% CI: Confidence Interval to 95%</p><p>^† Adjusted for estimation of pre-pregnancy body max index, infant malaria infection, fever episode and inflammatory syndrome, acid folic concentration at birth and infant age</p><p>* Estimated by maximum likelihood method</p><p>** Estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method.</p><p>The intraclass coefficient of Hb variations was estimated at 0.35. Thus, 65% of the total variance could be explained by the model.</p><p>Relation between placental malaria infection or maternal peripheral parasitaemia at delivery and infant haemoglobin level (g/L) during the first year of life in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 337 (multilevel linear regression).</p

Flowchart diagram of follow-up.

<p>Infants who were absent more than 3 consecutive months, and not seen before their 12 months were considered as lost to follow-up. During the study, five infants (0.1%) were lost to follow-up and sixteen (0.4%) died. The main reasons of death were: acute respiratory infection (4), neonatal icterus (1), severe malaria (2), unknown disease (7), congenital biliary atresia (1). Among these deaths, only 1.2% (2/16) of infants have been bring to hospital by parents.</p

Characteristics of malaria episodes (N = 40).

<p>Characteristics of malaria episodes (N = 40).</p

Maternal malaria: acceptability curve of the cost-effectiveness ratio of IPTp-SP^a vs hypothetical willingness to pay^b.

<p>^a Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. ^b Acceptability curves were constructed by plotting the cumulative distribution of ICER of IPTp-SP per DALYs averted. The Y axis can be interpreted as probability that the intervention is cost-effective for every level of policy makers' ability or willingness to pay for each DALY averted (X axis). * 36 US$per DALY averted = threshold of highly cost-effective intervention; 129 US$ per DALY averted = threshold of cost-effective intervention.</p

Cost-effectiveness analysis of IPTp-SP^a for 1000 pregnant women^b.

a<p>Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.</p>b<p>95% confidence intervals in brackets.</p>c<p>in US$ 2007.</p>d<p>Disability-adjusted life years.</p>e<p>Total number of episodes averted is theoretical and relies on the assumption that formal treatment is sought for any case of suspected malaria. The total number is higher than the sum of inpatients and outpatients episodes averted because number of outpatient episodes considers that only a proportion of pregnant women with symptoms of malaria, actually, seeks formal treatment.</p

Residence of women included in the study.

<p>Red circles: <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria cases; Blue circles: <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> cases. Purple marker: San José hospital.</p