113 research outputs found

    Guaranteed Minimum Price Contracts for Some, an Insurance for Others?

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    This paper analyzes the impact of guaranteed minimum price contracts between sub-groups of farmers and a fair trade manufacturer on the spot market price. We focus on the fair trade concept in the coffee supply chain as an example. We analyze a three level vertical chain gathering perfectly competitive farmers upstream who offer their raw product to manufacturers who then sell finished products to a downstream retailer. Without fair trade, all the raw product is sold on the spot market. When a sub-group of farmers benefit from a guaranteed minimum price contract offered by a fair trade certifier, we show that farmers outside of this fair trade agreement may also benefit from a higher spot market price in cases of a limited overproduction.Guaranteed Minimum Price Contracts, Fair Trade, Vertical Chain., Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade,

    Fair Trade: In or Out the Market?

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    Cet article s'intĂ©resse Ă  l'Ă©volution du concept de commerce Ă©quitable. Nous proposons un modĂšle simple en vue de donner des arguments thĂ©oriques dans le dĂ©bat sur la vente de produits Ă©quitables dans la grande distribution. L'hypothĂšse principale est que certains consommateurs sont prĂȘts Ă  payer un prix plus Ă©levĂ© pour acheter un produit Ă©quitable. Nous mettons en Ă©vidence que les produits Ă©quitables ont plus de chance d'ĂȘtre dans les rayons des supermarchĂ©s si le certificateur du label Ă©quitable a pour objectif de maximiser les quantitĂ©s certifiĂ©es plutĂŽt que le prix payĂ© aux producteurs. Nous soulignons Ă©galement que la variable clĂ© dans le choix du revendeur de vendre ou non des produits Ă©quitables n'est pas le pourcentage de consommateurs prĂȘts Ă  payer pour un bien Ă©quitable, mais combien ces consommateurs sont prĂȘts Ă  payer pour ce type de produit.DiffĂ©rentiation des produits;Discrimination en prix;Revente

    Fair Trade Contracts for Some, an Insurance for Others

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    This article analyzes the impact of Fair Trade contracts between sub-groups of farmers and a Fair Trade organization on the spot market price. We analyze a three level vertical chain gathering perfectly competitive farmers upstream who offer their raw product on a spot market to manufacturers who then sell finished products to a downstream retailer. Absent Fair Trade, the entire raw product is sold on the spot market. When a Fair Trade organization offers a Fair Trade contract to a sub-group of farmers, it gathers a Guaranteed Minimum Price clause and a straight relationship between the sub-group of farmers and the retailer. This article highlights several conditions such that a snowball effect exists, i.e farmers outside of the Fair Trade contract also benefit from a higher spot market price.Guaranteed Minimum Price Contracts, Disintermediation, Fair Trade, Vertical Chain, Two-part Tariff Contracts

    Certification of Origin and Brands Competition

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    We analyse the competition in quality and quantity between a foreign firm and a domestic firm. The domestic firm can belong to a certification of origin, whereas its rival uses a pure brand strategy. We will show how the certification can allow the domestic firm to position itself as a high quality producer and improve the average quality of the products offered on the market. If, however, the certified firm offers the low quality good, the certification can permit it to guarantee a higher profit than that of its competitor and to improve the consumers' surplus by favouring product standardisation.Certification of origin, Quality, international competition, Demand and Price Analysis, L13, F12, F14,

    Buyer Power through Producer's Differentiation

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    Cet article montre que des distributeurs peuvent dĂ©cider d'offrir des produits diffĂ©renciĂ©s, non pas pour relĂącher la concurrence horizontale, mais pour accroĂźtre leur pouvoir d'achat vis-Ă -vis de leur fournisseur. Nous analysons un modĂšle simple oĂč deux producteurs offrent des produits diffĂ©renciĂ©s en qualitĂ© Ă  deux distributeurs en activitĂ© sur des marches sĂ©parĂ©s qui ne peuvent offrir qu'un seul produit aux consommateurs. A la premiĂšre Ă©tape du jeu, les distributeurs choisissent quel produit mettre en rayon, puis chaque distributeur et son fournisseur nĂ©gocient sur un contrat de tarif binĂŽme. Enfin, les distributeurs choisissent leur quantitĂ©s. Lorsque les coĂ»ts de production sont convexes, la part des profits joint revenant au distributeur est plus Ă©levĂ©e lorsque les distributeurs choisissent de se diffĂ©rencier. L'origine de la diffĂ©renciation peut donc ĂȘtre uniquement liĂ©e au dĂ©sir des distributeurs d'accroĂźtre leur pouvoir d'achat: via la diffĂ©renciation des fournisseurs, le distributeur obtient une plus large part de profits joints plus faibles. Ce rĂ©sultat est robuste lorsque l'on introduit de la concurrence en aval. Nous mettons en Ă©vidence les consĂ©quences de cette stratĂ©gie de diffĂ©renciation sur le surplus des consommateurs.Puissance d'achat;Gamme de produit;DiffĂ©rentiation des produits

    Loss leaders banning laws as vertical restraints.

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    Cet article Ă©tudie un effet pervers inflationniste de l'interdiction de la revente Ă  perte. Dans un modĂšle oĂč un producteur en monopole vend son produit par l'intermĂ©diaire de distributeurs diffĂ©renciĂ©s, nous montrons que l'interdiction de la revente Ă  perte peut permettre au producteur de limiter la concurrence intra-marque et d'amĂ©liorer son profit en augmentant son prix de gros, rĂ©tribuant les distributeurs par le biais des marges arriĂšre. L'interdiction de la revente Ă  perte transforme le prix de gros en prix-plancher, augmentant le prix de dĂ©tail et diminuant le surplus des consommateurs.Distribution;Relations verticales;Revente Ă  perte;Marges arriĂšre

    Vertical Integration, Innovation and Foreclosure

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    This paper studies the potential effects of vertical integration on downstream firms' incentives to innovate. Interacting efficiently with a supplier may require information exchanges, which raises the concern that sensitive information may be disclosed to rivals. This may be particularly harmful in case of innovative activities, as it increases the risk of imitation. We show that vertical integration exacerbates this threat of imitation, which de facto degrades the integrated supplier's ability to interact with unintegrated competitors. Vertical integration may thus lead to input foreclosure, thereby raising rivals' cost and limiting both upstream competition and downstream innovation. A similar concern of customer foreclosure arises in the case of downstream bottlenecks.Vertical Integration, Foreclosure, Innovation, Imitation, Firewall.

    Fair Trade: In or Out the Market?

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    This paper focuses on a sustainable perspective of Fair Trade concept. We propose a simple model to provide some theoretical arguments in the debate about the sale of Fair Trade labelled goods in the large-scale distribution. The main hypothesis is related to the observation that some consumers are willing to pay a premium for Fair Trade products. We show that Fair Trade products are more likely to be on retailer's shelves if the Fair Trade certifier's objective is to maximize quantities labelled rather than the price paid to producers. We also underline that the key variable in the retailer's choice to sell the Fair Trade product is not the percentage of consumers who are willing to pay a Fair Trade good, but how much the Fair Trade likers are willing to pay for it.Cet article s'intĂ©resse Ă  l'Ă©volution du concept de commerce Ă©quitable. Nous proposons un modĂšle simple en vue de donner des arguments thĂ©oriques dans le dĂ©bat sur la vente de produits Ă©quitables dans la grande distribution. L'hypothĂšse principale est que certains consommateurs sont prĂȘts Ă  payer un prix plus Ă©levĂ© pour acheter un produit Ă©quitable. Nous mettons en Ă©vidence que les produits Ă©quitables ont plus de chance d'ĂȘtre dans les rayons des supermarchĂ©s si le certificateur du label Ă©quitable a pour objectif de maximiser les quantitĂ©s certifiĂ©es plutĂŽt que le prix payĂ© aux producteurs. Nous soulignons Ă©galement que la variable clĂ© dans le choix du revendeur de vendre ou non des produits Ă©quitables n'est pas le pourcentage de consommateurs prĂȘts Ă  payer pour un bien Ă©quitable, mais combien ces consommateurs sont prĂȘts Ă  payer pour ce type de produit

    Fair Trade Contracts for Some, an Insurance for Others

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    This article analyzes the impact of Fair Trade contracts between sub-groups of farmers and a Fair Trade organization on the spot market price. We analyze a three level vertical chain gathering perfectly competitive farmers upstream who offer their raw product on a spot market to manufacturers who then sell finished products to a downstream retailer. Absent Fair Trade, the entire raw product is sold on the spot market. When a Fair Trade organization offers a Fair Trade contract to a sub-group of farmers, it gathers a Guaranteed Minimum Price clause and a straight relationship between the sub-group of farmers and the retailer. This article highlights several conditions such that a snowball effect exists, i.e farmers outside of the Fair Trade contract also benefit from a higher spot market price
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