Loan growth and loan quality: some preliminary evidence from Texas banks

Following the failures of depository institutions in the 1980s, many analysts concluded that the rapid growth of lending activity and the deterioration of loan quality were related. Robert T. Clair tests this relationship after separating loan growth by its source: increased lending to new or existing customers, bank mergers, and acquisitions of failed banks. The preliminary evidence suggests that additional lending to new or existing customers beyond what might be normal at a given stage of the business cycle lowers loan quality after a three-year lag. This relationship, based on evidence from Texas banks, was especially strong at banks with below-average capitalization. ; Not all loan growth, however, will lead to lower loan quality. Loan growth during an economic expansion is to be expected as loan demand increases. Furthermore, well-capitalized banks were able to grow very rapidly and maintain loan quality. ; One method of increasing lending while maintaining loan quality was through the purchase of failed banks with the assistance of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Of course, these purchases increased lending only for the acquiring banks and did not reflect an increase in total lending for the banking industry. Furthermore, it is possible that FDIC resolution procedures have discouraged the acquisition of weak but still solvent banks by stronger banks and are thereby slowing the rate of needed consolidation in the banking industry.Bank failures ; Bank loans

The Clearing House Interbank Payments System: a description of its operation and risk management

Clearinghouses (Banking)

Daylight overdrafts: who really bears the risk?

Payment systems ; Federal Reserve banks ; Electronic funds transfers ; Overdrafts

A region-by-region look at U.S. banking

Banks and banking

Six causes of the credit crunch

Bank lending typically moves with the business cycle. In Texas from 1987 to 1992, however, bank loans declined while nonagricultural employment rose. Robert T. Clair and Paula Tucker consider this evidence of a constrained supply of bank loans, or credit crunch. ; Clair and Tucker find that multiple factors have reduced banks' willingness and ability to supply loans. The resolution of failed banks and thrifts, tightening of bank examination standards, new capital requirements, new regulations and increased enforcement of old regulations, and increased exposure to lawsuits have each had an effect. Many of these regulatory changes where made to address important economic and social goals, but their side effects, often unintended and perhaps unavoidable, have been to reduce bank lending in the short run.Credit

Learning from one another: the U.S. and European banking experience

Banking structure ; European Economic Community

Process for preparing polyimide adhesives

High bonding strengths are obtained for metals and fiber-reinforced organic resin composites with no significant loss in thermo-oxidative stability of the adhesive resin

A Study of the Effects of Constructivist Based vs. Traditional Direct Instruction on 8th Grade Science Comprehension

Studies conducted nationwide over the past several decades point consistently to the evidence that American school children lag behind several other countries in science scores. Problems arise from this dilemma, including the question of the ability of our youngsters to compete nationally and globally in the sciences as adults. Current research in this area of scores currently studies mostly mathematics. The few studies conducted concerning science mainly highlight students in other countries and neglects minorities and females regarding outcomes. By contrast, this study investigated the effects of teacher types (also defined as teaching styles or classroom orientation) on student outcomes on two measures; the standardized Standards of Learning 8th grade science test for the state of Virginia, and the Higher-Order Skills test (Berube, 2001), which was a researcher-constricted comprehension measurement. Minority and gender interactions were analyzed as well. Teacher type was designated by using the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (Taylor & Fraser, 1991). Participants included students from five large urban middle schools and thirteen middle school science teachers. Scores from the two measures were used to determine differences in student outcomes as they pertained to teacher type, gender and ethnicity. Analysis indicated that students who were taught by teachers with more traditional and mixed teaching styles performed better on the Higher-Order Skills comprehension measurement, while teachers with constructivist teaching styles actually had the lowest scoring students. Also, the interaction of ethnicity and teacher type was significant, indicating that Higher-Order Skills scores were influenced by that interaction, with Caucasians scoring the highest when taught by teachers with mixed teaching styles. Such findings could profit school administrators considering the interaction of student achievement and teaching styles on high-stakes testing environments. Suggestions are made for future studies concerning females and minorities in these same environments

The Texas banking crisis and the payments system

The Federal Reserve System plays a crucial role in the payments system that is especially important during periods of financial turmoil. In this article, Robert Clair, Joanna Kolson, and Kenneth Robinson explain the process and the risks involved in clearing checks in the private sector. They compare these processes and risks with the essentially risk-free check-clearing service the Federal Reserve System offers. During banking crises, they hypothesize, banks will increase their check-clearing through the Federal Reserve to minimize their risk exposure. A model of Federal Reserve check-clearing volume is constructed and estimated. The empirical results show that during banking crises, Federal Reserve check- processing volume rises as banks seek safer methods of clearing checks. Consequently, Federal Reserve payment services are important tools in minimizing the disruptive effects of banking crises on the economy.Banks and banking - Texas ; Payment systems

CAA study of airfoil broadband interaction noise using stochastic turbulent vorticity sources

The interaction of the turbulent wakes of the rotor with the outer guide vanes is one of the main broadband noise source in turbofan engines at approach conditions. Hence its prediction and reduction is a priority for engine manufacturers. The development of numerical methods is required as analytical approaches are limited to simple geometries and simplified flow configurations. The linearized Euler equations are solved in the time-domain to model the response of an isolated airfoil interacting with turbulence that is stochastically synthesized and injected in the computational domain through vorticity sources. This new method of injection has the advantages of being easy to implement and parallelize in an existing solver, whilst the generated turbulence is frozen. The method is firstly validated on a 2D free-field configuration. It is then applied, in the framework of the Fan Stage Broadband Noise Benchmarking Programme, to a two-dimensional NACA 65(12)-10 airfoil with no angle of attack and the results are validated through comparisons with experimental data. Afterwards, the effect of the angle of attack is studied and the results suggest that a one-component turbulent model is not satisfactory to perform accurate acoustic predictions with an angle of attack, as it overestimates the rate of decay of the acoustic spectra at high frequencies. The study of the influence of the integral length scale of the turbulence confirms that the airfoil leading edge response is only modulated by the incoming turbulence characteristics. Finally, the acoustic spectra predicted for different velocities show a better agreement with a flat plate analytical model when the velocity is increased