A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β=0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β=0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

A Many-analysts Approach to the Relation Between Religiosity and Well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

L'arrêt cardio-respiratoire de l'adulte: Recommandations 2005-2010

At the end of 2005 the new guidelines for the treatment of cardiac arrest were published. The diagnostic criteria of cardiac arrest were simplified and priority is given to thoracic compressions. The ratio of thoracic compressions to insufflations is 30/2. The frequency of thoracic compression is 100/min. In ventricular tachycardia (VT) without pulse or in ventricle fibrillation (VF), defibrillation is attempted with a single external electric shock per cycle. The reanimation cycles are divided in periods of 2 minutes. The two drugs, used to treat VF and VT without pulse, are amiodarone and adrenaline. Adrenaline is not given before the fourth minute into the reanimation and it is administered before the third electrical external shock. In case of asystole or pulse less electrical activity adrenaline is administered as early as possible. Atropine is used in case of pulse less electrical activity with a ventricular response lower than 60/min. In advanced life support a priority is given to whether or not there are treatable secondary causes (4H, 4T), furthermore controlled hypothermia is installed when systemic circulation is restored and optimal support to all vital functions is given.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Forest radiative transfer models: which approach for which application?

International audienceRadiation is fundamental in forest ecosystem ecology as it drives plant photosynthesis, morphogenesis, and fluxes of carbon, water, and energy between soil, vegetation, and the atmosphere. Though all approaches of forest radiative transfer models (FRTM) share general properties, they differ greatly in terms of calibration parameters, required assumptions, and model objectives. They use different precision levels of canopy description (from one to three dimensions) and different mathematical relationships to model the attenuation of radiation through the canopy. To date, no general guideline has been given to help the modeler choose the approach that best suits his needs. We therefore reviewed evaluation, sensitivity, and performance of FRTMs recently reported in the literature. We quantified FRTM uncertainty and identified the most sensitive parameters relative to the modeling choices. Their advantages and drawbacks are discussed, and recommendations are made relative to application potential.Le rayonnement solaire occupe une place fondamentale dans l'écologie des écosystèmes forestiers parce qu'il est responsable de la photosynthèse des plantes, de leur morphogénèse et des flux de carbone, d'eau et d'énergie entre le sol, la végétation et l'atmosphère. Bien que toutes les approches de modélisation du transfert du rayonnement en forêt (MTRF) partagent des propriétés générales, les paramètres d'étalonnage, les hypothèses requises et les objectifs de modélisation diffèrent considérablement. Ces approches utilisent différents niveaux de précision de la description du couvert forestier (de une à trois dimensions) et différentes relations mathématiques pour modéliser l'atténuation du rayonnement par le couvert forestier. Jusqu'à maintenant, aucune ligne directrice n'a été émise pour aider le modélisateur a` choisir l'approche correspondant le mieux à ses besoins. Nous avons donc passé en revue l'évaluation, la sensibilité et la performance des MTRF récemment publiés. Nous avons quantifié l'incertitude des MTRF et nous avons identifié les paramètres les plus sensibles pour sélectionner les modèles. Leurs avantages et inconvénients sont discutés et des recommandations sont faites quant à leur potentiel d'application

La trousse d'urgence du généraliste doit rester simple mais efficace: Mode d'emploi

It is extremely difficult to stipulate guidelines for the creation of a specific bag containing emergency material, designed solely for the general practitioner. The purpose of this article is to give each generalist a practical guide to create an emergency bag that meets up to his or her needs and practice purposes. Many factors have to be taken into account. First of all we review the material that is at our disposal in a regular emergency vehicle. All encountered pathologies are analysed following a rigid ABCD system (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability - Diabetes - other). In respect to this system we will present a summary of different pathological changes. The dosage of medication will be specified when indicated for infants. Next we follow with a summary of all material that needs to be in the bag in function of the generalist's purpose. This constitutes all needed medication, legal document and emergency material. We then propose a checklist that can be used by the general practitioner in function of his or her needs.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Près de 20 ans après sa grave crise sanitaire, où en est la hêtraie ardennaise?

La "maladie du hêtre", apparue au début des années 2000 suite au coup de froid de 1998, détruisit plus d'un million de mètres cubes de bois. Un suivi d'une vingtaine d'années a permis de faire le point sur son évolution et son impact actuel, et de proposer quelques recommandations pour la gestion de la hêtraie

Maintaining the coexistence of tree species of different shade tolerances with uneven-aged silviculture

Maintaining the coexistence of multiple tree species is one of the greatest issues of uneven-aged silviculture as it is of great interest, for example, to maintain biodiversity or increase resilience to global changes. In many places, while forest managers have successfully maintained complex stand structure with uneven-aged silviculture, they have often faced difficulties in maintaining some desired species mixtures. Naturally, the composition of uneven-aged forests evolves so that a few species successfully regenerate and suppress the others. Since a continuous canopy cover is usually maintained by uneven-aged silviculture, when nutrients and moisture are not limiting, the availability of light in the understory is the driving factor of natural regeneration dynamics. The amount of transmitted radiation determines, at least partly, the composition of the regeneration layer because of interspecific differences in growth and survival in shade. In theory, shade-tolerant species generally dominate the regeneration under closed canopies whereas less shade-tolerant species dominate the regeneration under partially open canopies. We hypothesize that, along a gradient of light availability, shade-tolerant species suppress less shade-tolerant species in understory with low availability of light whereas the opposite situation occurs in understory with high availability of light. In addition, we expect that forest managers can effectively control understory light with appropriate modifications of forest structure and density. We examined mixtures of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Belgian Ardennes. We selected 23 sites with favorable water and nutrient supply. Regeneration areas (100-6500m²) were fenced off to protect them from browsing by deer. Saplings were sampled in 241 subplots and their height growth was annually monitored during two years. Understory light transmittance was measured in each subplot using hemispherical photography. The height growth of beech and oak saplings was modeled with mixed non-linear models. In order to simulate various silvicultural treatments, we used a model of light interception by heterogeneous canopies (SAMSARALIGHT). We simulated selective thinnings of 5 different types: harvesting preferentially small trees, large trees, or trees of shade-tolerant species or creating circular gaps. Understory light was found to be a key parameter in the dynamics of uneven-aged stands, as it affects regeneration growth and composition. There were interspecific differences in growth response to light availability. The optimum height growth of beech and oak regenerations were reached at 10% and 20% of transmittance, respectively. Our simulations highlighted that various silvicultural treatments can effectively be used to control understory light as long as harvest intensity is adapted to the chosen strategy (Figure 1). The results of this study also underscore the problem that even under good light conditions (transmittance > 20 %), regeneration of less shade-tolerant species might not overcome the regeneration of shade-tolerant species. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no rank reversal of the height growth of the two study species along a wide light gradient. Consequently, maintaining less shade-tolerant species in stands with shade-tolerant species might require silvicultural interventions jointly in the overstory and regeneration layers

Maintenir la coexistence d'espèces d'arbre ayant des tolérances à l'ombre différentes par la sylviculture irrégulière

International audienceMaintaining the coexistence of multiple tree species is one of the greatest issues of uneven-aged silviculture. In many places, while forest managers have successfully maintained complex stand structure with continuous cover silviculture, they have often faced difficulties to maintain some desired species mixtures. The composition of uneven-aged forests naturally evolves as few species successfully regenerate and suppress the others. Maintaining the coexistence of various tree species is however of great interests, for example, regarding biodiversity issues or resilience to global changes. Since uneven-aged silviculture usually maintains a continuous canopy cover, wherever nutrient and water availability satisfies regeneration requirements, the availability of light in the understory is the driving factor of natural regeneration dynamics. The amount of transmitted radiation determines, at least partly, regeneration composition because of interspecific differences in growth and survival under shade. In theory, shade-tolerant species generally dominate the regeneration under closed canopies whereas less shade-tolerant species dominate the regeneration under partially open canopies. We hypothesized that, along a gradient of light availability, there is a rank reversal of sapling growth of species with contrasting shade-tolerance. In addition, we expected that forest managers can effectively control understory light with appropriate modifications of forest structure and density. We examined mixtures of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Belgian Ardennes. We selected 23 sites with favorable water and nutrient supply. Regeneration areas (100-6500m²) were fenced off to protect them from browsing by deer. Saplings were sampled in 241 subplots and their height growth was annually monitored during two years. Understory light transmittance was measured in each subplot using hemispherical photography. The height growth of beech and oak saplings was modeled with mixed non-linear models. In order to simulate various silvicultural treatments, we used a model of light interception by heterogeneous canopies (SAMSARALIGHT). We simulated selective thinnings of 5 different types: harvesting preferentially small trees, large trees, or trees of shade-tolerant species or creating circular gaps. Understory light was found to be a key parameter in the dynamics of heterogeneous stands, as it affects regeneration growth and composition. There were interspecific differences in growth response to light availability. The optimum height growth of beech and oak regenerations were reached at 10% and 20% of transmittance, respectively. Our simulations highlighted that various silvicultural treatments can effectively be used to control understory light as long as harvest intensity is adapted to the chosen strategy. The results of this study also underscore the problem that even under good light conditions (transmittance > 20 %), regeneration of less shade-tolerant species might not overcome the regeneration of shade-tolerant species. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no rank reversal of the height growth of the two study species along a wide light gradient. Consequently, maintaining less shade-tolerant species in stands with shade-tolerant species might require silvicultural interventions jointly in the overstory and regeneration layers

Controlling light exposure to enable shade- and semi shade-tolerant species to coexist in mixed forest regeneration

Le traitement en futaie irrégulière et mélangée utilisant la régénération naturelle est de plus en plus encouragé. Pourtant, son application reste délicate notamment lorsqu’il est question de la gestion de l’éclairement pour contrôler la composition de la régénération. Afin d’apporter de nouveaux points de repères aux gestionnaires forestiers, nous avons suivi la croissance de 27 régénérations de Chêne sessile (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) ou de Hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) en Ardenne (Belgique) et utilisé un simulateur pour tester l’effet de différentes modalités de coupes sur l’éclairement disponible pour la régénération. Nous en concluons notamment que l’éclairement disponible pour la régénération peut aussi bien s’effectuer en ouvrant de petites trouées ou avec des coupes par le bas si l’intensité du prélèvement est adaptée. Cependant, dans certains cas, une bonne gestion de l’éclairement n’est pas une condition suffisante pour garantir le développement de l’espèce la moins tolérante à l’ombre.Establishing mixed species, uneven-aged forests by relying on natural regeneration is increasingly encouraged. Nonethless, it is difficult to achieve in practice particularly when it comes to controlling the composition of regeneration by managing exposure to light. With a view to providing forest managers with guidance, we tracked the growth of 27 regenerations of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) or beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Ardenne (Belgium) and used a simulator to test the effect of various shelterwood systems on available light for regeneration. One of our conclusions is that exposure to light for the purpose of regeneration can be achieved either by small-scale progressive shelterwood cuts or by thinning from below if the removals justify the latter. However, in some cases, adequate management of light is not enough to guarantee the development of the least shade-tolerant species

Etude rétrospective au sein du C.H.U. Saint-Pierre sur l'application de la recommandation d'hypothermie post arrêt cardiaque par fibrillation et tachycardie ventriculaire sans pouls.

Therapeutic hypothermia is an essential step for the neurological protection of comatose individuals after cardiorespiratory arrest (CA) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). The evaluation of the application of the Protocol thereto within the C.H.U. Saint-Pierre (SPH) is the subject of this study.English AbstractJournal ArticleSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe