Isolation of Chitinolytic Bacteria from European Sea Bass Gut Microbiota Fed Diets with Distinct Insect Meals

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The ever-growing human population is increasingly demanding more fish. As a response, aquaculture has become the fastest growing industry in its sector. Alternatives to fish meal, an unsustainable commodity used as the main protein source for carnivorous species, are urgently needed in aquafeeds. Recently, in Europe, seven insect species have been approved as potential ingredients for animal feeds, including fish feed. However, chitin, one of the components of an insect’s exoskeleton, is indigestible for several economically valuable fish species, decreasing fish performance upon inclusion. This work aimed to isolate, from the European sea bass gastrointestinal tract, probiotic bacteria capable of producing chitinases to improve the use of diets containing high levels of insect meal. Based on the enhanced adaptability of gut microbial communities and the selective pressure of chitin-enriched diets on fish gut microbiota, bacteria were first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of European sea bass fed chitin-enriched diets. Isolates were then comprehensively screened in vitro for important traits such as their ability to utilize chitin, gut-survival aptitude, and biosafety-related issues required to be considered eligible as probiotics by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ABSTRACT: Insect meal (IM), recently authorized for use in aquafeeds, positions itself as a promising commodity for aquafeed inclusion. However, insects are also rich in chitin, a structural polysaccharide present in the exoskeleton, which is not digested by fish, resulting in lower fish performance. Through the application of a dietary pressure, this study aimed to modulate European sea bass gut microbiota towards the enrichment of chitinolytic bacteria to allow the isolation of novel probiotics capable of improving the use of IM-containing diets, overcoming chitin drawbacks. Five isoproteic (44%) and isolipidic (18%) diets were used: a fish meal (FM)-based diet (diet CTR), a chitin-supplemented diet (diet CHIT5), and three diets with either 25% of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor larvae meals (HM25 and TM25, respectively) or H. illucens exuviae meal (diet HEM25) as partial FM substitutes. After an 8-week feeding trial, the results showed a clear modulatory effect towards spore-forming bacteria by HM25 and HEM25 diets, with the latter being responsible for the majority of the chitinolytic fish isolates (FIs) obtained. Sequential evaluation of the FI hemolytic activity, antibiotic resistance, total chitinolytic activity, sporulation, and survival in gastrointestinal-like conditions identified FI645 and FI658 as the most promising chitinolytic probiotics for in vivo application

Bacterial community associated to sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa

A Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC), doença que causa graves prejuízos à citricultura no estado de São Paulo, é causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa que é transmitida pelas cigarrinhas Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg), Dilobopterus costalimai (Young), Acrogonia citrina (Marucci & Cavichioli) e Oncometopia facialis (Signoret). Durante a alimentação em plantas afetadas, esses insetos adquirem a bactéria, que coloniza o pré-cibário e o cibário, e depois são capazes de transmitir a doença para plantas sadias. Colonizando o xilema das plantas de citros encontram-se também bactérias endofíticas, que são microrganismos capazes de colonizar internamente tecidos de plantas sem causar dano aparente, e que podem interagir com patógenos no interior do hospedeiro. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a comunidade bacteriana associada as cigarrinhas vetoras de CVC, e observar as possíveis interações que ocorrem entre insetos vetores de X. fastidiosa e bactérias endofíticas de citros. Primeiramente foi feito um isolamento das bactérias da cabeça de cigarrinhas coletadas em pomares de citros afetados com CVC. Foram isoladas um total de 17230 bactérias de três espécies de cigarrinhas (O. facialis, D. costalimai e A. citrina) em três datas diferentes (22/março, 05/maio e 14/junho de 2002), que foram primeiramente classificadas em 9 grupos morfológicos. Do total, 120 bactérias representantes foram avaliadas por ARDRA e classificadas em 16 haplótipos, dos quais alguns foram identificados, por seqüenciamento da região 16S do rDNA, como Methylobacterium sp. e Curtobacterium sp., que são bactérias endofíticas de citros já descritas e que interagem com X. fastidiosa em citros. Primers específicos para estas bactérias foram utilizados para PCRs com o DNA total da cabeça de cigarrinhas e variou de 39,1% a 89,6% nas diferentes espécies. A comunidade bacteriana associada às cigarrinhas foi também avaliada por DGGE e apresentou variações quanto ao inseto hospedeiro e quanto à época das avaliações. Um isolado de M. mesophilicum expressando o gene da proteína verde fluorescente (GFP ? Green Fluorescent Protein) foi utilizado para experimento de transmissão deste endófito por B. xanthophis. Os insetos se alimentaram em membrana contendo a solução da bactéria e depois foram colocados em plantas de Catharanthus roseus. Das plantas, 13% apresentaram a bactéria fluorescente colonizando tecidos endofiticamente, o que indica que a cigarrinha é capaz de transmitir o endófito. Testes para a avaliação da produção de moléculas de quorum sensing (AHLs - Acil Homocerina Lactonas) foram feitos para M. mesophilicum e M. extorquens. Foram ainda desenvolvidos mutantes de M. extorquens, defectivos para a produção de biofilme e AHLs.The Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC), a very important disease which attacks citrus trees in the state of São Paulo, is caused by the xylem-limited bacteria, Xylella fastidiosa, which is transmitted by four species of sharpshooters (Cicadellidae) Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg), Dilobopterus costalimai (Young), Acrogonia citrina (Marucci & Cavichioli) and Oncometopia facialis (Signoret) which are capable of acquiring X. fastidiosa from the xylem while feeding. In plants, endophytic bacteria, which inhabit the interior of aerial plant parts developing an asymptomatic infection and show potential benefits as biocontrol agents of pests and diseases, may colonize the same niche of pathogens, such as X. fastidiosa, what could allow endophytes to interact with the pathogen. Bacteria were isolated from head of insect vectors, collected on affected citrus plants. From 17230 bacteria isolated from the heads of three insect species (O. facialis, D. costalimai and A. citrina) in three different days (22/march, 05/may and 14/june of 2002), 120 bacteria were tested with ARDRA and classified into 16 different haplotypes. The most frequent strains had their 16S rDNA fragment sequenced and they were identified as Methylobacterium sp. and Curtobacterium sp., bacteria which have been described as citrus endophytes which interact with X. fastidiosa. Total DNA of insect heads was used in Nested PCRs for detection of these citrus endophytes in insects. The frequencies of detection ranged from 39,1% to 89,6%. The bacterial community associated to sharpshooters was also evaluated by DGGE and presented variations due to insect host and time of the evaluations. One M. mesophilicum isolate, expressing the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), was used to test the transmission of endophytes by B. xanthophis. Insects fed on membranes containing a bacterial solution and after were trapped on Catharanthus roseus. From the evaluated plants, 13% presented the fluorescent protein colonizing endophytically, indicating that the insect is able to transmit the endophytic bacteria. Biofilm and quorum sensing molecules (AHLs - Acyl Homocerine Lactones) production by Methylobacterium sp. were tested, and M. extorquens mutants for both features were produced