The administrative power of private bodies

Le pouvoir administratif des personnes privées est un pouvoir discret et relativement méconnu. Il caractérise les missions administratives spécifiques, et en particulier celles de police administrative spéciale, confiées à certaines personnes morales de droit privé. Depuis longtemps, l’administration s’est appuyée sur des personnes privées pour assurer la gestion d’activités administratives. Ce recours s’explique par l’histoire de la construction de l’État français et de son administration et par l’originalité du modèle économique français qui fait coexister libéralisme et interventionnisme. Dans la période contemporaine, il s’est accru quantitativement. À travers plusieurs exemples sélectionnés – ordres professionnels, fédérations sportives, entreprises de marché, autorité de régulation de la publicité, organismes de gestion collective des droits d’auteur, sociétés d’aménagement foncier et d’établissement rural – cette étude propose d’identifier une notion originale et autonome de pouvoir administratif des personnes privées pour penser de manière transversale les prérogatives dont sont dotées certaines personnes morales de droit privé. La recherche porte également sur le régime juridique de ce pouvoir, principalement de droit privé, qu’elle construit en s’inspirant des principes qui irriguent le droit administratif. Elle interroge ainsi les ressorts et les méthodes contentieuses, utilisés en droit administratif, ainsi que ceux du droit économique – théorie générale des obligations et droit de la concurrence – pour penser l’encadrement juridique et juridictionnel d’un pouvoir caractérisé par son hybridité.The administrative power of private bodies is a discreet and relatively unknown power. It sheds light on the prerogatives of private bodies entrusted with special administrative missions and including police missions. Administrative activities have been undertaken by private bodies for a very long time. This process can be explained by the way the French State and its administration were built and by the originality of the French economic model, in which liberalism and interventionism coexist. In the contemporary period, the number of private regulators is growing. Through several selected examples – professional bodies, sports federations, market undertakings, private regulator for advertising, copyright collective management bodies, land development and rural settlement companies – this study proposes an original and autonomous legal notion of administrative power of private bodies. The research also focuses on the legal regime of this power which is often a private law regime. It thus questions the judicial mechanisms and methods used in administrative law as well as those of economic law – general theory of obligations and competition law – to think about the legal and judicial control of a power characterized by its hybridity

Neuartige Heterogenkatalysatoren zur Umesterung und Veresterung von unterschiedlichen natürlichen Triglyceriden und deren Fettsäuren zu Biodiesel

Abstract. The interactive game environment, Ghost in the Cave, presented in this short paper, is a work still in progress. The game involves participants in an activity using non-verbal emotional expressions. Two teams use expressive gestures in either voice or body movements to compete. Each team has an avatar controlled either by singing into a microphone or by moving in front of a video camera. Participants/players control their avatars by using acoustical or motion cues. The avatar is navigated in a 3D distributed virtual environment using the Octagon server and player system. The voice input is processed using a musical cue analysis module yielding performance variables such as tempo, sound level and articulation as well as an emotional prediction. Similarly, movements captured from a video camera are analyzed in terms of different movement cues. The target group is young teenagers and the main purpose to encourage creative expressions through new forms of collaboration.