Substrate incubation time after fungi inoculation in the control tomato seedling damping-off

The use of fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp. for the control of plant diseases it has proved to be an important and promising tool, mainly for the tomato crop production system, however, there are difficulties in establishing the bioagent. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate incubation time after inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum to control the damping-off of tomato seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of six treatments and four replications. The treatments are two incubation times in two doses of T. harzianum (0 and 10 days of substrate incubation [DIST] after inoculation with T. harzianum in 1.0 or 5.0 g of T. harzianum) and two controls (control inoculated and not inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani). The variables analyzed were incidence of damping-off, area under the disease progress curve, percentage of emergence, emergency speed index, average emergency time, germination speed coefficient, total fresh mass, root length (cm) and height of the area part (cm). The treatments containing Trichoderma harzianum have proven to be promising for the control of R. solani and for the growth of tomato seedlings

Reação de cultivares de abacateiro à podridão de raízes Reaction of avocado cultivars to avocado root rot

As cultivares de abacateiro (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' e 'Hass' têm muita importância econômica no mercado nacional e internacional. Em função disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação dessas cultivares frente à Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., agente causal da podridão das raízes. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita por meio de implantação de tecidos de raízes sintomáticas. Foram inoculadas quatro raízes em três árvores diferentes, uma de cada cultivar, em três pontos diferentes da raiz. Em cada cultivar, das quatro raízes, uma foi utilizada como testemunha, nas quais foram implantados tecidos sadios. A avaliação foi realizada aos 120 dias após a inoculação, observando-se as raízes externamente quanto à alteração da coloração e presença de estruturas de patógenos na região da superfície da casca nos pontos inoculados. Internamente, foram removidas as cascas para visualização das alterações a partir do ponto inoculado, sendo observadas alterações de coloração dos tecidos e realizada mensuração da extensão do escurecimento (lesão aparente). Nas extremidades das lesões foram retirados segmentos de raízes e implantados em meio de cultivo farinha de milho-ágar e incubados, para verificação da colonização na área sem escurecimento, ou seja, a colonização não- aparente. Das cultivares avaliadas, a 'Hass' foi a menos suscetível ao P. cinnamomi, quando comparada às cultivares 'Fortuna' e 'Margarida'. O patógeno P. cinnamomi pode apresentar desenvolvimento ou colonização nos tecidos radiculares além da área sintomática.Cultivars of the avocado (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' and 'Geada' have importance in the national and international markets. The present paper had as objective to evaluate the reaction of such cultivars to Phytophthora cinanamomi Rands, the causal agent of avocado root rot. They were inoculated four roots in three different trees, one of each cultivar, in three different points of the root. In the each cultivar, from the four roots, one was used as check, where it was implanted health tissue. The evaluation was held at 120 day after inoculation, observing the roots externally, searching for color alterations and pathogen structures on the root surface region at the inoculated points. Internally, the bark was removed to visualize the alterations at the inoculated points observing alteration in the tissue color and measuring the darking extension (aparent lesion). On the lesion, segments of the root were taken and implanted on a medium of corn meal - agar, incubated to check the colonization in the area without darkness, that is, a-non apparent colonization. From the evaluated cultivars, 'Hass' was the least susceptible to P. cinnamomi when compared with 'Fortuna' and 'Margarida'. It was also observed that this pathogen may show development or colonization on root tissue out of the symptomatic areas

Puccinia kuehnii urediniospores viability and its germination influenced by aqueous extracts of leaves of sugarcane<br>Viabilidade de urediniósporos de Puccinia kuehnii e sua germinação influenciada por extratos aquosos de folhas de cana-de-açúcar

Rusts contribute to yield losses in crops of sugarcane. The present study was to evaluate the viability urediniospores of Puccinia kuehnii over time and the influence of aqueous extracts in vitro germination. Leaves with symptoms orange rust, cultivar SP89 1115 and RB72 454, were collected for the first bioassay (B1). These were stored in a humid chamber, to date evaluations. Urediniospores were collected from the leaves, and suspended in distilled water 0.1 ml was prepared they were transferred to Petri dishes containing agar-water, maintained at 20°C in the dark for 24 hours. Evaluations were made at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days after harvest of the sheets, with five replicates for evaluation. In the second bioassay (B2) the urediniospores were collected from leaves with symptoms of orange rust cultivar SP89 1115 of sugarcane. Suspension was prepared in distilled water, aliquot of 0.1 ml were transferred to Petri dishes containing agar-water, and 1 ml of aqueous extract of leaves of sugarcane. Treatments consisted of two aqueous extracts of leaves of sugarcane: susceptible RB72 454 and resistant RB86 7515 in dilutions of 1:1, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, with four replications. For both bioassays were evaluated germination of 200 urediniospores/plate. The results showed that B1 for variety SP89 1115 germination percentage was significantly lower than the RB72 454, respectively 26.4% and 93.1% at the time of collection of the field and 24.8% and 32.4% to 16 days after collection. In B2 the germination of urediniospores receiving the aqueous suspension of the resistant variety, was on average 7.6 percentage points lower than those who received the aqueous suspension of susceptible variety.<p><p>As ferrugens contribuem para perdas de rendimentos na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o período de viabilidade dos urediniósporos de Puccinia kuehnii e a influência de extratos aquosos em sua germinação in vitro. Para o primeiro bioensaio (B1) foram coletadas folhas com sintomas de ferrugem alaranjada, das cultivares de cana-de-açúcar SP89 1115 e RB72 454. Estas foram armazenadas em câmara úmida, até as datas das avaliações de germinação. Os urediniósporos foram coletados das folhas e preparou-se uma suspensão em água destilada. Uma alíquota de 0,1 mL foi transferida para placas de Petri contendo meio ágar-água (15g L-1), mantidas a 20ºC, no escuro por 24 horas. As avaliações foram feitas aos 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 dias após a coleta das folhas, com cinco repetições por avaliação. No Segundo bioensaio (B2) os urediniósporos foram coletados de folhas com sintomas de ferrugem alaranjada da cultivar SP89-1115. Foi preparada uma suspensão em água destilada e uma alíquota de 0,1 mL foi transferida para placas de Petri contendo meio ágar-água e 1 mL de extratos aquosos de folhas de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos constituíram-se em dois extratos aquosos: variedade suscetível RB72 454 e resistente RB86 7515 nas diluições de 1:1; 10-1; 10-2; 10-3. Foram realizadas 4 repetições. Para ambos os bioensaios avaliou-se a germinação de 200 urediniósporos/placa. Os resultados de B1 demonstraram que para a variedade SP89 1115 a porcentagem de germinação foi significativamente inferior à variedade RB72 454, respectivamente 26,4% e 93,1% na data da coleta a campo e 24,8% e 32,4% aos 16 dias após a coleta. Em B2 a porcentagem de germinação dos urediniósporos que receberam a suspensão aquosa da variedade resistente, foi em média de 7,6 pontos percentuais menor do que os que receberam a suspensão aquosa da variedade suscetível

Biological control of bacterial spot of tomato by saprobe fungi from semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil

Bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a common disease in tomato fields that causes significant economic losses. Due to the difficulty with control of bacterial spot by conventional methods, new techniques such as biological control and induction of resistance are gaining prominence. This study aimed to select saprobe fungi from semi-arid regions of the Brazilian Northeast for the biological control of bacterial spot of tomato. To select the best isolates to control bacterial spot, a greenhouse experiment was initially conducted. Tomato plants (‘Santa Cruz Kada’) were treated with filtrates of 25 saprobe fungi and inoculated three days later with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Filtrates of Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidula, Zygosporium echinosporum, and Chloridium virescens var. virescens were selected as the most effective. Filtrates and volatile compounds from these four isolates were tested for their antibacterial activity in cultures of X. euvesicatoria and in tomato plants (‘Santa Cruz Kada’) inoculated with X. euvesicatoria. In vitro, the addition of nonvolatile fungal metabolites into the culture medium at 5% and 50% (v/v) inhibited bacterial growth by 28.9% and 53.8%, respectively. The volatile compounds produced by C. virescens var. virescens reduced the number of colony-forming units of X. euvesicatoria by 25.9%. In vivo, all treatments reduced from 62.4 to 71.3% the area under bacterial spot progress curve, showing the same control efficacy as the commercial resistance inducer used as a positive control (acibenzolar-S-methyl). Systemicity of the fungal filtrates was confirmed in a separate experiment, where application of the treatments exclusively to the third leaf decreased the severity of the disease on the fourth leaf (except for C. virescens var. virescens). These results show that M. levispora, P. hispidula, Z. echinosporum, and C. virescens var. virescens are potential biocontrol agents against bacterial spot of tomato. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the disease control mechanisms of saprobe fungi

Chemical and biological control of Sclerotinia stem rot in the soybean crop

It was evaluated the effect of fungicides and the microbial control agent Trichoderma harzianum on the inhibition of the carpogenic and ascospore germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study also evaluated the chemical, fungicidal and microbial control of white mold or Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean in the field. Three experiments were conducted, as follows: 1) inhibition of carpogenic germination of sclerotia, 2) inhibition of ascospore germination, and 3) control of Sclerotinia stem rot in a soybean crop under field conditions. The treatments evaluated were fluazinam, procymidone, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, benzalkonium chloride + fluazinam, and T. harzianum. Procymidone resulted in an inhibition of 13.5% and benzalkonium chloride in an inhibition of 13.9% in an ascospore germination test. Fluazinam and procymidone were the most effective in reducing the production of ascospores/apothecium, representing 65.6% and 82.4% of inhibition. Procymidone and fluazinam if combined or not with benzalkonium chloride were the most effective in controlling sclerotinia stem rot under field conditions when applied at the onset of flowering and 15 days later. In the 2009-10 harvest, these two fungicides reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot by 73.1 and 71.6% and in the 2010-11 harvest by 75.7 and 77.6%, respectively