4 research outputs found
Effects of an applied magnetic field on the corrosion of copper monitored in situ by NMR
Nesta dissertação de mestrado se monitorou in situ e ex situ a corrosão de corpos de prova de cobre metálico por ressonância magnética nuclear no domínio do tempo (RMN-DT). A reação ocorreu em solução aquosa de HCl 1 mol L-1 fornecendo íons de cobre Cu2+ como produtos da corrosão. A corrosão foi monitorada com um espectrômetro RMN de bancada, através da correlação entre os tempos de relaxação transversal (T2) adquiridos por meio da sequência de pulso CPMG e a concentração de Cu2+ na solução. As reações foram estudadas usando como corpos de prova placas e cilindros de cobre, na presença e ausência de campo magnético e na presença e ausência de potencial elétrico aplicado. Esses experimentos foram realizados para estudar o efeito das forças magnéticas que podem afetar as reações. Os experimentos de RMN-DT-eletroquímica (RMN-DT-EQ) foram executados usando o corpo de prova em formato de placa de cobre como eletrodo de trabalho, fio espiral de platina como contra eletrodo e um eletrodo de referência de Ag/AgCl (KCl 3 mol L-1). Os experimentos sem potencial aplicado foram realizados usando-se somente os corpos de prova de cobre na solução de HCl. Os resultados mostraram que o campo magnético não alterou o efeito da corrosão quando se aplicou um potencial de 1V. No entanto a reação foi inibida na corrosão sem potencial elétrico aplicado. Esses resultados levaram a hipótese de que, na reação com potencial aplicado, a força de Lorentz foi minimizada pelas forças de gradiente de campo magnético e força de gradiente da concentração de espécies paramagnética. No caso da corrosão sem potencial elétrico aplicado, a hipótese para a inibição da corrosão foi que as forças de gradiente mantiveram os íons de cobre na interface corpo de prova/solução, o que dificultou a reação. O efeito do campo magnético sobre a superfície do cilindro de cobre ao final do processo de corrosão também foram analisados pelas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de força atômica enquanto que a solução resultante do processo de corrosão teve os valores da concentração de íons Cu2+ quantificados pelas espectroscopias de absorção no ultravioleta e visível e de absorção atômica com chama.In this Masters dissertation the corrosion of metallic copper samples was monitored in situ and ex situ by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR). The reaction was performed in an aqueous solution containing HCl (1 mol L-1), where Cu2+ ions were the corrosion products. A benchtop NMR spectrometer was used to monitor the reaction through the correlation between the transverse relaxation times (T2), acquired with the CPMG pulse sequence, and the concentration of Cu2+ in the solution. The reactions were studied using copper plaques and cylinders in the presence and absence of a magnetic field and in the presence and absence of an applied potential. These experiments were performed to study the effect of the magnetic forces which affect reactions with and without an applied potential. The coupling experiments between TD-NMR and electrochemistry (EC-NMR) were performed using a copper plaque as a working electrode, a platinum wire in a spiral shape as a counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl KCl 3 mol L-1 reference electrode. Experiments in which no potential was applied were performed by inserting the copper sample in an HCl aqueous solution. Results showed that the magnetic field didn’t alter the corrosion process when a 1V potential was applied but it did inhibit the corrosion of copper when no potential was applied. These results lead to the hypothesis that, in the reaction with an applied potential, the Lorentz force was minimized by the forces created by the magnetic field and the concentration gradient of the paramagnetic species (Cu2+). In the case of corrosion experiments without an applied potential a possibility is that the forces created by the concentration gradient force copper ions to stay on the interface copper/solution, which hinders the reaction. The effect of the magnetic field on the surface of the copper cylinder at the end of the corrosion process was also analysed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy while the concentration of Cu2+ in the solution was measured by UV-vis spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Theoretical-experimental studies of the effects of the magnetic fields on the corrosion rate and pattern of copper thin films
A corrosão é um grande problema na sociedade moderna, pois afeta todos os materiais metálicos desde pequenos componentes eletrônicos até grandes infraestruturas. Estima-se que os custos anuais da corrosão cheguem a US 2.5 trillion. Therefore, ways to mitigate corrosion have been the subject of many studies. It is known that the magnetic field (B) can delay or accelerate metallic corrosion, however, this apparent contradictory effect is still not fully understood. In this study, a simple and fast method to visually monitor the copper corrosion, in real time, using metallic film was proposed. The thin film was a copper clad laminate (CCL) used in the manufacture of printed circuits (PCB), which consists of a copper film of 0.1 mm thick, deposited on an inert material 1.5 mm thick. Aqueous FeCl3 and HCl solutions were used as corrosive media and digital cameras were used to record the effects of B on PCB statically (photos) and dynamically (videos). The results for corrosion with FeCl3 solution using cylindrical homogeneous magnets (NdFeB magnet with 130 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick) and non-homogeneous (NdFeB magnet with 30 mm in diameter and 19 mm thick) were clearly observed. The PCI in the presence of a homogeneous B shows a pattern similar to corrosion in absence of B. With non-homogeneous magnet, however, the corrosion started in the region above the edge of the magnet, that is, 1,5 cm from the center of the PCB disk, which is where the B is more intense and with the greatest B gradient. In these experiments was possible to observe the rotation of the corrosive media that inverts with inversion of polarity B, indicating the presence of Lorentz force (FB). The hypothesis for the presence of FB, without applied electric field, was that the Cu2+ ions formed during the corrosion of the metal leave radially out of the disk (preferably) and perpendicular to the lines of B. To demonstrate that the FB origin was due to this radial diffusion of Cu2+ computer simulations were performed using Fick\'s first diffusion law in conjunction with magnetism equations. The simulations were made for copper corrosion using an HCl solution as a corrosive medium, where the only electrically charged and paramagnetic particle in the medium is be the corrosion product, Cu2+ ions. The agreement between the simulation and the experimental results for homogeneous B was quite satisfactory, pointing out the FL as the main force capable rotating the solution and delaying departure of Cu2+ ions from the metal surface and media and consequently delaying the corrosion in presence of homogeneous B. The proposed procedure can also be applied to other metals and corrosive media, providing valuable information about the corrosion process in the presence of B under various environmental conditions
Effects of an applied magnetic field on the corrosion of copper monitored in situ by NMR
Nesta dissertação de mestrado se monitorou in situ e ex situ a corrosão de corpos de prova de cobre metálico por ressonância magnética nuclear no domínio do tempo (RMN-DT). A reação ocorreu em solução aquosa de HCl 1 mol L-1 fornecendo íons de cobre Cu2+ como produtos da corrosão. A corrosão foi monitorada com um espectrômetro RMN de bancada, através da correlação entre os tempos de relaxação transversal (T2) adquiridos por meio da sequência de pulso CPMG e a concentração de Cu2+ na solução. As reações foram estudadas usando como corpos de prova placas e cilindros de cobre, na presença e ausência de campo magnético e na presença e ausência de potencial elétrico aplicado. Esses experimentos foram realizados para estudar o efeito das forças magnéticas que podem afetar as reações. Os experimentos de RMN-DT-eletroquímica (RMN-DT-EQ) foram executados usando o corpo de prova em formato de placa de cobre como eletrodo de trabalho, fio espiral de platina como contra eletrodo e um eletrodo de referência de Ag/AgCl (KCl 3 mol L-1). Os experimentos sem potencial aplicado foram realizados usando-se somente os corpos de prova de cobre na solução de HCl. Os resultados mostraram que o campo magnético não alterou o efeito da corrosão quando se aplicou um potencial de 1V. No entanto a reação foi inibida na corrosão sem potencial elétrico aplicado. Esses resultados levaram a hipótese de que, na reação com potencial aplicado, a força de Lorentz foi minimizada pelas forças de gradiente de campo magnético e força de gradiente da concentração de espécies paramagnética. No caso da corrosão sem potencial elétrico aplicado, a hipótese para a inibição da corrosão foi que as forças de gradiente mantiveram os íons de cobre na interface corpo de prova/solução, o que dificultou a reação. O efeito do campo magnético sobre a superfície do cilindro de cobre ao final do processo de corrosão também foram analisados pelas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de força atômica enquanto que a solução resultante do processo de corrosão teve os valores da concentração de íons Cu2+ quantificados pelas espectroscopias de absorção no ultravioleta e visível e de absorção atômica com chama.In this Masters dissertation the corrosion of metallic copper samples was monitored in situ and ex situ by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR). The reaction was performed in an aqueous solution containing HCl (1 mol L-1), where Cu2+ ions were the corrosion products. A benchtop NMR spectrometer was used to monitor the reaction through the correlation between the transverse relaxation times (T2), acquired with the CPMG pulse sequence, and the concentration of Cu2+ in the solution. The reactions were studied using copper plaques and cylinders in the presence and absence of a magnetic field and in the presence and absence of an applied potential. These experiments were performed to study the effect of the magnetic forces which affect reactions with and without an applied potential. The coupling experiments between TD-NMR and electrochemistry (EC-NMR) were performed using a copper plaque as a working electrode, a platinum wire in a spiral shape as a counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl KCl 3 mol L-1 reference electrode. Experiments in which no potential was applied were performed by inserting the copper sample in an HCl aqueous solution. Results showed that the magnetic field didn’t alter the corrosion process when a 1V potential was applied but it did inhibit the corrosion of copper when no potential was applied. These results lead to the hypothesis that, in the reaction with an applied potential, the Lorentz force was minimized by the forces created by the magnetic field and the concentration gradient of the paramagnetic species (Cu2+). In the case of corrosion experiments without an applied potential a possibility is that the forces created by the concentration gradient force copper ions to stay on the interface copper/solution, which hinders the reaction. The effect of the magnetic field on the surface of the copper cylinder at the end of the corrosion process was also analysed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy while the concentration of Cu2+ in the solution was measured by UV-vis spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Simple, Low-Cost and Long-Lasting Film for Virus Inactivation Using Avian Coronavirus Model as Challenge
The COVID-19 infection, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is inequitably distributed and more lethal among populations with lower socioeconomic status. Direct contact with contaminated surfaces has been among the virus sources, as it remains infective up to days. Several disinfectants have been shown to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, but they rapidly evaporate, are flammable or toxic and may be scarce or inexistent for vulnerable populations. Therefore, we are proposing simple, easy to prepare, low-cost and efficient antiviral films, made with a widely available dishwashing detergent, which can be spread on hands and inanimate surfaces and is expected to maintain virucidal activity for longer periods than the current sanitizers. Avian coronavirus (ACoV) was used as model of the challenge to test the antivirus efficacy of the proposed films. Polystyrene petri dishes were covered with a thin layer of detergent formula. After drying, the films were exposed to different virus doses for 10 min and virus infectivity was determined using embryonated chicken eggs, and RNA virus quantification in allantoic fluids by RT-qPCR. The films inactivated the ACoV (ranging from 103.7 to 106.7 EID50), which is chemically and morphologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, and may constitute an excellent alternative to minimize the spread of COVID-19