Patient disposition flow diagram.

<p>Patient disposition flow diagram showing patients included, excluded or lost-to-follow-up within the study cohort. MS: Multiple Sclerosis; RRMS: Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.</p

Healthcare costs for MS treatment and the rate of relapse occurrence, of 1-point EDSS progression, of reaching of EDSS 4.0, of reaching of EDSS 6.0, and of SP conversion.

<p>Healthcare costs for DMT administration and management before the specific endpoint was reached (considered as continuous variables), have been associated with the rate of relapse occurrence, of 1-point disability progression, of reaching of EDSS 4.0, of reaching of EDSS 6.0, and of SP conversion during the follow-up period. P-values, hazard ratios (HR), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) are shown from time varying Cox regression models, subsequently adjusted for age, gender, disease duration, and baseline EDSS.</p

Kaplan-Meier curves for the probability of relapse occurrence, of 1-point EDSS progression, of reaching of EDSS 4.0, of reaching of EDSS 6.0, and of SP conversion, in relation to annual healthcare costs before the specific study endpoint was reached.

<p>Kaplan-Meier plots estimating the probability of relapse occurrence (<b>A</b>), of experiencing 1-point EDSS progression (<b>B</b>), of reaching of EDSS 4.0 (<b>C</b>), of reaching of EDSS 6.0 (<b>D</b>), and of SP conversion (<b>E</b>), in relation to the annual healthcare costs before the specific study endpoint was reached. P-values and hazard ratios (HR) are shown from time varying Cox regression models. For graphical purposes, healthcare costs have been categorized on the median value (the red line represents costs lower than the median value, whereas the blue line represents costs higher than the median value). EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; HR: Hazard Ratio.</p

Scatter plot for overall annual healthcare costs and relapses.

<p>Scatter plot showing the relationship between overall annual healthcare costs and the ARR. P-value and coefficient from Poisson regression analysis are shown; 95% confidence intervals are represented in grey shadow. ARR: Annualised Relapse Rate; Coef: Coefficient.</p

Demographic features, clinical findings and healthcare costs.

<p>Demographic features, clinical findings and annual healthcare costs for DMT administration and management.</p

Default-Mode Network Changes in Huntington’s Disease: An Integrated MRI Study of Functional Connectivity and Morphometry

<div><p>Previous MRI studies of functional connectivity in pre-symptomatic mutation carriers of Huntington’s disease (HD) have shown dysfunction of the Default-Mode Network (DMN). No data however are currently available on the DMN alterations in the symptomatic stages of the disease, which are characterized by cortical atrophy involving several DMN nodes. We assessed DMN integrity and its possible correlations with motor and cognitive symptoms in 26 symptomatic HD patients as compared to 22 normal volunteers, by analyzing resting state functional MRI data, using the Precuneal Cortex/Posterior Cingulate Cortices (PC/PCC) as seed, controlling at voxel level for the effect of atrophy by co-varying for gray matter volume. Direct correlation with PC/PCC was decreased, without correlation with atrophy, in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (including anterior cingulate and subgenual cortex), right dorso-medial prefrontal cortex, and in the right inferior parietal cortex (mainly involving the angular gyrus). Negative correlations with PC/PCC were decreased bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortices, while a cluster in the right middle occipital gyrus presented increased correlation with PC/PCC. DMN changes in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex significantly correlated with the performance at the Stroop test (p = .0002). Widespread DMN changes, not correlating with the atrophy of the involved nodes, are present in symptomatic HD patients, and correlate with cognitive disturbances.</p></div

Subject demographics and clinical variables.

<p>SD: standard deviation.</p><p>N.A.: not applicable.</p>*<p>at Student’s t-test.</p>#<p>at Chi-squared test.</p

Results of resting-state fMRI analysis, corrected for atrophy.

<p>Clusters resulting from the NV>HD (yellow) and HD>NV (cyan) between-group contrasts, corrected for differences in GM volume. Results are superimposed for anatomical reference to a single subject T1-weighted volume in the standard Montreal Neurological Institute stereotactic space. Significance for all clusters is p<.05 FWE-corrected at cluster level. Patient’s right is at the observer’s right. Axial planes are sampled every 7 mm, starting at Z = −30 mm.</p

Results of the HD>NV between-group contrast.

<p>For each cluster the size before and after correction for atrophy using BPM is reported. For each involved structure, the maximum T-value and the corresponding coordinates (distances from the anterior commissure in mm) in the MNI space are reported.</p><p><b>lSMG</b> and <b>rSMG</b>: left and right SupraMarginal Gyrus, respectively; <b>rOCC</b> and <b>lOCC</b>: right and left Occipital cortex, respectively; <b>lINS</b>: left Insula; <b>SMA</b>: Supplementary Motor Area.</p><p>Structures involved by each cluster are reported with the corresponding maximum T value.</p><p>Anatomical labeling is according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072159#pone.0072159-TzourioMazoyer1" target="_blank">[40]</a>.</p

MSJ790390_supplementary_material – Supplemental material for Determinants of therapy switch in multiple sclerosis treatment-naïve patients: A real-life study

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ790390_supplementary_material for Determinants of therapy switch in multiple sclerosis treatment-naïve patients: A real-life study by Francesco Saccà, Roberta Lanzillo, Alessio Signori, Giorgia T Maniscalco, Elisabetta Signoriello, Salvatore Lo Fermo, Annamaria Repice, Pietro Annovazzi, Damiano Baroncini, Marinella Clerico, Eleonora Binello, Raffaella Cerqua, Giorgia Mataluni, Simona Bonavita, Luigi Lavorgna, Ignazio Roberto Zarbo, Alice Laroni, Silvia Rossi, Lorena Pareja Gutierrez, Sara La Gioia, Barbara Frigeni, Valeria Barcella, Jessica Frau, Eleonora Cocco, Giuseppe Fenu, Valentina Torri Clerici, Arianna Sartori, Sarah Rasia, Cinzia Cordioli, Alessia Di Sapio, Simona Pontecorvo, Roberta Grasso, Caterina Barrilà, Cinzia Valeria Russo, Sabrina Esposito, Domenico Ippolito, Francesca Bovis, Fabio Gallo and Maria Pia Sormani in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p