The 7th International Symposium of Asian Society for Adapted Physical Education and Exercise, Hong Kong 2002: disability sport, adapted physical education and physical activity : research to practice

Includes bibliographical references.published_or_final_versionList of contributors ivThe physical and psychological benefits of participation in special Olympics Anna Chan Chan, Anna 12Appdx.B Asian society for adapted physical education and exercise (ASAPE) 159Keynote speechClassification of athletes in paralympic games Eric P. Chien Chien, P., Eric 27PresentationForewordMeasuring physical activity in children with intellectual disability Bik C. Chow Chow, C., Bik 37Twin basketball by persons with severe disability due to Quadriplegia Yumi Tsubouchi, Miho Kasuga, Teruo Akiyama, Masaharu Maeda, and Momoe Yamada Tsubouchi, Yumi Kasuga, Miho Akiyama, Teruo Maeda, Masaharu Yamada, Momoe 93The relationships between body composition and high incidence of glucose intolerance in Paraplegia N. Maeda, M. Murakami, M. Hirayama, J. Katoh Maeda, N. Murakami, M. irayama, M. Katoh, J. 84The qualification and training system for adapted physical activities in North East Asia Man-hway Lin Lin, Man-hway 50A Pilot study of sport participation: motives and goal perspectives of athletes with physical disabilities in Hong Kong Cindy Hui-ping Sit Sit, Hui-ping, Cindy 77Student activity levels and teacher behavior during primary four-to-six-grade physical education lesson for students with mental retardation Oi-yee Ma and Bik C. Chow Ma, Oi-yee Chow, C., Bik 99Identification of physical awkwardness in early childhood in Japan: usefulness of the movement assessment battery for children Takahito Masuda and Atsushi Nanakida Masuda, Takahito Nanakida, Atsushi 109Assessment of functional exercise capacity and exercise training using cycle ergometer in patients with cerebrovascular disorder M. Murakami, J. Katoh, T. Tanizaki, N. Maeda, and H. Furukawa Murakami, M. Katoh, J. Tanizaki, T. Maeda, N. Furukawa, H. 115Pedometric measurement of daily physical activity and oxygen uptake kinetics on exercise endurance with ambulatory post-stroke hemiplegics J. Katoh, H. Ikeda, J. Nakato, T. Yoshii, Y. Nagata, M. Hayakawa, T. Tanizaki Katoh, J. Ikeda, H. Nakato, J. Yoshii, T. Nagata, Y. Hayakawa, M. Tanizaki, T. 121Paralympic sports in Hong Kong: past, present and future Silas T.C. Chiang Chiang, T.C., Silas 60A study of the use of recreational sports during summer vacation for junior high school students with mental retardation at special schools in Kaohsiung Chi-sen Chen and Man-hway Lin Chen, Chi-sen Lin, Man-hway 128Dance activities of children with disabilities Kyoko Terada Terada, Kyoko 90The paralympic movement and adapted physical education York Chow Chow, York 4Preface iiPostural adjustments in individuals with visual impairments Hideo Nakata Nakata, Hideo 19Acknowledgment iiiAppdx.A International federation of adapted physical activity (IFAPA) 157The attitudes of parents of children without disabilities on sport socialization of students with disabilities: cross cultural comparison between Korean parents and American parents Ji-tae Kim Kim, Ji-tae 66Double product during isometric muscle contraction in the elderly Kyu-tae Kim, Kazufumi Takahashi, Seung-wook Choi, and Masahiro Yamasaki Kim, Kyu-tae Takahashi, Kazufumi Choi, Seung-wook Yamasaki, Masahiro 139The effects of water exercise in Korean elderly women Kyung-ok Yi, Hea-ok Lim, Ho-nam Lim, Kee-wha Lee, and Hae-won Han Yi, Kyung-ok Lim, Hea-ok Lim, Ho-nam Lee, Kee-wha Han, Hae-won 151Early childhood gymnastics award scheme Siu-yin Cheung Cheung, Siu-yin 14

Motivational orientations and sport participation in youth: a comparison of achievement goal theory and reversal theory

tocabstractHuman PerformanceDoctoralDoctor of Philosoph

Participation motivation in sport: a comparative study of able-bodied and Disabled School-aged children inHong Kong

abstractpublished_or_final_versionPhysical Education and Sport ScienceMasterMaster of Philosoph

Perceived and actual physical literacy and physical activity: A test of reverse pathway among Hong Kong children

Background/objective: The directional relationship between physical literacy (PL) and physical activity (PA) in children remains unclear. This study explored the directionality of the relationship between children’s actual PL and PA, and whether their PL perceptions mediate this relationship. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. In total, 371 children (153 boys; Mage = 10.0 ± 1.0) from Chinese primary schools were recruited to complete all the assessments. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to determine a reciprocal relationship between Motivation and Confidence, Daily Behavior and moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Results: When perceived PL was examined as a mediator, the model with direction from MVPA to actual PL was observed with significance in Motivation and Confidence (β = 0.48) and Daily Behavior (β = 0.20). Perceived PL displayed no mediation effect for the direction from actual PL to MVPA. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that engagement in PA might be useful to support the continuous development of PL. As perceived PL is an integral part of this relationship, future research is needed to understand its role for providing potential intervention targets to improve these outcomes among Chinese children

Associations between meeting 24-hour movement guidelines and health in the early years : a systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review examined the compliance with the 24-h movement guidelines, and investigated its associations with health indicators for healthy children under 5 years of age. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus were searched for peer-reviewed studies and the last search was conducted on 27 October 2020. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scales were used to assess the quality of included studies. Eighteen articles including 8,943 participants from 11 countries were included. On average around 13% of the children met all three guidelines. Meta-analyses of the associations between meeting all three guidelines and adiposity yielded no significant results (r =–0.03; 95% CI =–0.12, 0.06; I 2 = 51%; P = 0.48). Meeting more guidelines was associated with better psychosocial health (3/4 studies). Associations between meeting individual or combined guidelines and motor development yielded mixed results (2/2 studies), while no associations between meeting guidelines and cognitive development were observed (1 study). Compliance with all three guidelines was low. Further evidence is required to understand the associations between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and health outcomes. Nevertheless, there was evidence of a dose-response relationship between meeting the guidelines and better psychosocial health in the early years

The association between physical activity and mental health in children with special educational needs: A systematic review

The association between physical activity (PA) and mental health in typically developing children has been amply documented, but little is known about the corresponding association in children with special educational needs (SEN). This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence for the association between PA and mental health in children with SEN. A systematic literature search of five databases (PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL) was conducted, and the publication year was between October 2010 and February 2021. Two researchers performed abstract and full text screening and extracted the data independently. Inclusion and exclusion criteria followed the PICOS framework, and the quality of eligible studies was assessed using the McMaster critical review form. Eighteen studies that met the inclusion criteria and had quality ratings ≥ 60% were included in this review. PA was positively associated with overall psychological well-being and its subtypes (including enjoyment, self-worth, self-competence, mental wellness, and quality of life), and negatively associated with anxiety and fatigue. Body composition, age, and sex were moderators of the association. The findings of this review indicated that PA was consistently associated with mental health in children with SEN. These associations were the most powerful when PA was conducted in unstructured types such as free play and recess activities. Structured types including physical education classes were more strongly related to mental health than overall PA (combined structured and unstructured types). Future PA interventions are needed to promote mental health in children with SEN

Predictors of healthier and more sustainable school travel mode profiles among Hong Kong adolescents

Background Adolescent travel mode choices to/from school vary in their physical activity (PA) component and environmental sustainability. Research has typically focussed on correlates of active travel, the most healthy and sustainable mode, in comparison to other modes combined. Under the premise that a small shift from less to more healthy/sustainable modes may be a more feasible than a shift to ‘pure’ active travel (e.g., walking), we examined potential correlates of the odds of undertaking more vs. less healthy/sustainable modes. Methods Hong Kong adolescents attending secondary school and a parent/caregiver (n = 1299 dyads) participated in this cross-sectional study. Latent profile analyses identified groups of adolescents with different transport mode profiles to/from school. Profiles were ranked based on relative PA/sustainability outcomes. Multilevel logistic regression identified environmental, social and psychological factors associated with more vs. less PA/sustainable transport mode profiles to/from school. Results Most frequent transport modes were walking and public transport. Latent profile analysis resulted in a 7-profile model (walk (n = 430); walk & public transport (n = 93); public transport (n = 486); bicycle, car & taxi (n = 60); school bus to & public transport from school (n = 54); school bus (n = 106); car to & car/public transport from school (n = 70)). All profile comparisons were associated with at least one environmental variable. School proximity, access to services and parent transport-related PA were generally associated with higher odds of healthier-more sustainable transport modes. Adolescent-perceived distance and effort barriers to walking and cycling were generally associated with lower odds of more healthy/sustainable modes. Discussion Most adolescents engaged in relatively healthy/sustainable travel modes to/from school. Public transport to walking and school bus to public transport mode shifts are likely to have the biggest impact towards more healthy/sustainable modes. Encouraging parent-related transport PA may positively influence adolescent mode choice. Relatively dense, destination-rich neighbourhoods may encourage more healthy/sustainable transport modes to/from school by providing easy access to schools and services. Conclusion Government policy encouraging enrolment in the closest local school and private school encouragement of public transport rather than school buses may have the greatest impact on shifts to more healthy/sustainable transport modes to/from school in Hong Kong adolescents

Influence of Perceived Physical Literacy on Coaching Efficacy and Leadership Behavior: A Cross-Sectional Study

he concept of physical literacy has evolved to work as a guiding ideology in physical education, physical activity and heath, while little is known for coaching context. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of perceived physical literacy (PPL) in predicting coaching efficacy and leadership behavior from the perceptions of student-athletes in Hong Kong secondary schools. A total of 352 (200 boys, 152 girls) student-athletes (14.78 ± 1.73 years old) participated in this study. Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) for adolescents, Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES) and Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) for student-athletes were adopted to assess the student-athletes’ self-reported PL, perceptions of coaching efficacy and leadership behavior, respectively. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that student-athletes’ knowledge and understanding of physical literacy significantly predicted all the dimensions of coaching efficacy (18%-23%, p<0.01) and leadership behavior (15%-27%, p < 0.05) except for autocratic behavior after controlling for the effects of demographic variables (such as age, gender, and training experience). The PPL attribute of Sense of Self and Self-confidence also demonstrated significant predictions with coaching efficacy (17%-19%, p < 0.01), while the PPL attribute of Self-expression and Communication with others only significantly predicted social support behavior (14%, p < 0.05). Path analysis showed PPL of student-athletes has significant predictions to their perceptions of coaches’ leadership and this relationship was partially mediated by their perceptions of coaching efficacy (β = 0.57). Discussion highlights that this study is the first empirical study to explore PPL in the coaching context and its strength in predicting coaching effectiveness. The study provides a new perspective for coaching education programs or coach-oriented interventions by emphasizing the concept of physical literacy

A randomized controlled trial of a blended physical literacy intervention to support physical activity and health of primary school children

Background: The concept of physical literacy (PL) has been advocated as the need to create environments fostering sustainable engagement in PA. This study adopted ecological approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a blended PL intervention embedded into the school day to support children’s PA and health. Method: Designed as a three-arm randomized controlled trial, a total of 79 participants (59.5% girls) were randomly assigned to: the “Quantity + Quality” blended PL group combining sit–stand desks and play-based recess (SSPlay), the “Quality” group with play-based recess only (Play) or the control group. The intervention lasted for 13 weeks, and all the variables were collected at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. Results: SSPlay and Play group significantly improved on two of the embodied PL domains, Physical Competence (− 2.96 vs − 5.15, p < 0.05) and Knowledge and Understanding (− 2.35 vs − 2.00, p < 0.05), total errors of cognitive flexibility (24.00 vs 12.92, p < 0.05), and this difference was maintained at follow-up (p < 0.05). Whilst there was no interaction effect between groups, and time effects were found for PA and planning from baseline to post-intervention. Conclusion: This was the first to adopt an ecological approach as an innovative strategy to provide the emergence of PA for children in Hong Kong. The blended intervention design that embedded both quantity and quality of PA into children’s school day has shown promise in supporting children’s all round development. PL intervention where environments are designed to increase the “Quantity + Quality” of children’s everyday interactions has led to improvements in PA and health outcomes, which may provide insights for future studies to adopt cost-friendly and feasible measures for promoting children’s PA in the school settings

COVID-19 Pandemic Brings a Sedentary Lifestyle in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose profound challenges to society. Its spread has been mitigated through strategies including social distancing; however, this may result in the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle. This study aimed to investigate: (1) physical activity (PA) levels, sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep in young adults during the COVID-19 epidemic, and (2) the change in these behaviors before and during the pandemic. A total of 631 young adults (38.8% males) aged between 18 and 35 participated in the cross-sectional study and completed a one-off online survey relating to general information, PA, SB, and sleep. For the longitudinal study, PA, SB, and sleep data, obtained from 70 participants before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, were analyzed. Participants engaged in low PA, high SB, and long sleep duration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, a significant decline in PA while an increase in time spent in both SB and sleep was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak. The results of this study demonstrated a sedentary lifestyle in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, which will assist health policymakers and practitioners in the development of population specific health education and behavior interventions during this pandemic and for other future events