Estimated percentage of woman authors in 2016, across all authorship positions, classified by country/territory of affiliation.

<p>The dashed line shows the overall percentage of women authors across all countries, while the red line marks gender parity. Light-coloured bars indicate countries where a high proportion of authors’ genders could not be inferred from their names; gender ratios for these countries could conceivably be inaccurate (see <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s020" target="_blank">S20 Fig</a>). The right-hand panels show the gender ratio within four illustrative research disciplines (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s010" target="_blank">S10</a>–<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s015" target="_blank">S15</a> Figs show the remainder) for the 50 countries with the largest sample size, illustrating that the ordering of countries remains broadly similar within most research disciplines. The data underlying this figure can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s028" target="_blank">S2 Data</a>.</p

The same information as in Fig 1, for the remaining research disciplines.

<p>The data underlying this figure can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s027" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>.</p

The panels show the current author gender ratio, its rate of change per year, and the estimated number of years until the gender ratio comes within 5% of parity (all parameters estimated by fitting Eq 1 to the data using maximum likelihood).

<p>The colours correspond to different authorship positions, and the error bars show 95% confidence intervals estimated by bootstrapping. For clarity, the x-axis of the third panel is truncated at 100 years. Missing data in the third panel indicate either: A) the field is never projected to reach parity, B) parity is projected to be reached in >100 years, or C) the data do not allow us to ascertain whether the percentage of women authors is presently rising or falling (full details in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s027" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>). The eight disciplines using data from arXiv are marked, and the remaining disciplines are from PubMed. The data underlying this figure can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s027" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>.</p

Average effects of journal impact factor, and of being a review-focused journal or OA journal, on the frequency of women authors.

<p>The colour shows the relative frequency of women authors (i.e., percentage of women authors in the journal, minus the percentage of women authors for the discipline to which that journal belongs), averaged across journals of each type. Thus, bluer (redder) squares denote journal types with an excess of men (women) authors after controlling for differences in gender ratio across disciplines. For illustrative purposes, ‘High impact’ journals are defined here as those with an impact factor in the top 25% for their discipline (although impact factor was treated as a continuous variable during statistical analysis; <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s026" target="_blank">S5 Table</a>). Inset numbers give the number of journals used to calculate the average relative gender ratios. The data underlying this figure can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956#pbio.2004956.s027" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>. OA, Open-Access.</p

Appendix B. Equations for V0 and V1, the value of each monitoring decision.

Equations for V0 and V1, the value of each monitoring decision

Appendix A. Equilibrium behavior of the deterministic equivalent of the population model.

Equilibrium behavior of the deterministic equivalent of the population model

Appendix A. Derivation of the expected mortality rate of population A.

Derivation of the expected mortality rate of population A

Appendix B. Summary statistics of translocation project simulations.

Summary statistics of translocation project simulations

Leaf and flower colour difference.

<p>Pairwise Euclidean distance in CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) space was calculated and an nMDS generated for a) yellow-orange flowers and b) leaves (the leaf nMDS used data from the two highest quality cameras only: the Nikon D300 and Sony NEX-5n).</p

Variation in leaf colour measured by different cameras.

<p>Leaf colour is shown in <i>a*</i>-<i>b*</i> space for five species calculated from images taken with five different digital cameras.</p