From islets of Langerhans to insulin analogs. It’s been almost 100 years since the discovery of insulin

Until the discovery of insulin, diabetes was a fatal disease. The diet was the only form of treatment for this disease. Since the discovery of the Langerhans Islands, huge progress has been made in the treatment of diabetes. In 1921 due to Banting’s research and collaborators, there has been a revolution in the treatment of diabetes. A disease that was once incurable could be controlled by insulin injections. Today insulin is not only a life-saving medicine. After the breakthrough discovery of scientists, research was conducted to improve insulin. Ultimately, these actions led to the creation of insulin analogs to make diabetes therapy even more perfect, by reducing the incidence of hypoglycemia.Until the discovery of insulin, diabetes was a fatal disease. The diet was the only form of treatment for this disease. Since the discovery of the Langerhans Islands, huge progress has been made in the treatment of diabetes. In 1921 due to Banting’s research and collaborators, there has been a revolution in the treatment of diabetes. A disease that was once incurable could be controlled by insulin injections. Today insulin is not only a life-saving medicine. After the breakthrough discovery of scientists, research was conducted to improve insulin. Ultimately, these actions led to the creation of insulin analogs to make diabetes therapy even more perfect, by reducing the incidence of hypoglycemia

Insulinoterapia i lipoproteiny u pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 1

Wiedza na temat lipoprotein o wysokiej gęstości (HDL) znacznie wzrosła w ostatnim czasie, jednak nadal nie jest dokładnie zbadany związek HDL i insulinoterapii w cukrzycy typu 1. Wiadomym jest, że cholesterol frakcji HDL odpowiada za transport cholesterolu do wątroby. Jest nazywany „dobrym cholesterolem” ze względu na swoje korzystne właściwości. Cholesterol frakcji HDL zmniejsza ryzyko sercowo-naczyniowe przez swoje przeciwzapalne, antyoksydacyjne, profibrynolityczne i przeciwzakrzepowe działanie. Wpływ tego cholesterolu na występowanie przewlekłych powikłań cukrzycy typu 1 nie został jeszcze w pełni poznany. Naukowcy zaobserwowali wzrost stężenia cholesterolu frakcji HDL po rozpoczęciu insulinoterapii. Pozostaje wiele pytań dotyczących mechanizmów, w jakich insulina oddziałuje na cholesterol frakcji HDL. Poznanie tego zjawiska jest istotne zwłaszcza w cukrzycy typu 1, w przypadku której insulina to lek z wyboru

Can We Prevent Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? Pathophysiology and Treatment Options

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a disease involving changes to energy metabolism. Chronic hyperglycemia is a major cause of diabetes complications. Hyperglycemia induces mechanisms that generate the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, leading to the development of oxidative stress. Studies with animal models have indicated the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. In the current review, we aimed to collect scientific reports linking disorders in mitochondrial functioning with the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. We also aimed to present therapeutic approaches counteracting the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Insulin therapy and lipoproteins in patients with type 1 diabetes

Knowledge on HDL cholesterol has been extended, however, there are still unknown facts, especially concerning HDL cholesterol, type 1 diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy. It is known that HDL is responsible for the transport of cholesterol to the liver. It is called the “good cholesterol” due to its advantageous properties. HDL cholesterol reduces cardiovascular risk by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, profibrinolytic and antithrombotic effects. The influence of HDL on the incidence of chronic complications of type 1 diabetes has not been yet fully understood. The researchers observed an increase in HDL cholesterol level after initiation of insulin therapy. Significant is the fact that insulin affects lipoprotein metabolism in type 1 diabetes, as it is the treatment of choice in this group of patients

Od wysp Langerhansa do analogów insuliny. Minęło już prawie 100 lat od odkrycia insuliny

Przed odkryciem insuliny cukrzyca była chorobą śmiertelną. Jedyną formę jej leczenia stanowiła dieta. Od czasu odkrycia wysp Langerhansa poczyniono ogromne postępy w leczeniu cukrzycy. Rewolucja w tym zakresie nastąpiła w 1921 roku, dzięki badaniom Bantinga i wsp. Choroba, która wcześniej była nieuleczalna, mogła być kontrolowana przez iniekcje insuliny. Obecnie insulina to nie tylko lek ratujący życie. Od przełomowego momentu, jakim było jej odkrycie, naukowcy nieustannie prowadzili badania w celu ulepszenia preparatów tego hormonu. Ostatecznie działania te doprowadziły do stworzenia analogów insuliny, które umożliwiły lepszą kontrolę cukrzycy dzięki zmniejszeniu częstości występowania hipoglikemii

Higher NADH Dehydrogenase [Ubiquinone] Iron–Sulfur Protein 8 (NDUFS8) Serum Levels Correlate with Better Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron–sulfur protein 8 (NDUFS8) serum concentration as a marker of Complex I, and the relationship with insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Design and methods: Participants were adults with T1DM, recruited over the course of 1 year (2018–2019). NDUFS8 protein serum concentration was measured using the ELISA test. Insulin resistance was evaluated with indirect marker estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR). The group was divided on the base of median value of eGDR (higher eGDR—better insulin sensitivity). Results: The study group consists of 12 women and 24 men. Medians of eGDR and NDUFS8 protein concentration are 7.6 (5.58–8.99) mg/kg/min and 2.25 (0.72–3.81) ng/mL, respectively. The group with higher insulin sensitivity has higher NDUFS8 protein serum concentration, lower waist to hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and they are younger. A negative correlation is observed between NDUFS8 protein serum concentration and WHR (rs = −0.35, p = 0.03), whereas a positive correlation is observed between NDUFS8 protein serum concentration and eGDR (rs = 0.43, p = 0.008). Univariate logistic regression shows a significant association between insulin sensitivity and lower age, as well as a higher NDUFS8 serum level. A multivariate logistic regression model confirms the significance (AOR 2.38 (1.04–5.48). p = 0.042). Multivariate linear regression confirms a significant association between insulin sensitivity and better mitochondrial function (beta = 0.54, p = 0.003), independent of age, duration of diabetes, and smoking. Conclusions: Higher NDUFS8 protein serum concentration is associated with higher insulin sensitivity among adults with T1DM