Mean proportions with 95% confidence intervals for OTUs with a significant time effect (>2-fold).

<p>Mean proportions with 95% confidence intervals for OTUs with a significant time effect (>2-fold).</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of microbiome taxonomy and function.

<p>Analyses of genus (a) and KEGG ortholog group data (b) indicated a structure based on age (weeks).</p

Genus and phylum composition of the feline faecal microbiome.

<p>The peripheral bubble plot illustrates the average relative abundance of the 34 most abundant genera (≥ 0.3% average relative abundance at ≥ 1 time point) at 18, 30 and 42 weeks of age (from inside to outside). The central circular plot illustrates the community structure at the phylum level (five most abundant phyla shown) allowing for quick inference of phylum level composition at a given age as well as temporal distribution of a phylum. For example: at week 18 the microbiome is composed of 53% Firmicutes, 23% Actinobacteria, 9% Proteobacteria, 10% Bacteroidetes and 1% Spirochaetes (scaled to total 100% in plot); the phylum Firmicutes decreases from 53% at week 18 to 41% at week 30 and 36% at week 42. Of note are decreases in <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i> and increases of <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Prevotella</i> over time. A tabular representation of the underlying data is given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144881#pone.0144881.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present at >1% of total sequence reads in supra-gingival plaque isolated 24 hour and 48 hours post de-scale and polish.

<p>Cut-offs of 98.5% were applied for identity and coverage (alignment length divided by query length) for annotation to species level, if the alignment did not meet the cut-off criteria the best hit from the Silva database was chosen (indicated by *).</p><p>Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present at >1% of total sequence reads in supra-gingival plaque isolated 24 hour and 48 hours post de-scale and polish.</p

Canine oral isolate secondary colonization potential measured by quantitative PCR with <i>Corynebacterium sp. 3105</i> present as primary colonizer.

<p>Values are based on analysis of three biological replicates.</p><p>Canine oral isolate secondary colonization potential measured by quantitative PCR with <i>Corynebacterium sp. 3105</i> present as primary colonizer.</p

Primary colonization of hydroxyapatite by canine oral isolates.

<p>Quantitative PCR data analyzed using one way ANOVA of log₁₀ fold change. Letters represent homogenous groupings by Tukey HSD at 5%. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean.</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of eight biochemical pathways.

<p>Shown are eight pathways enriched in ortholog groups with significant differences with age (five increasing and three decreasing with age). Ordination was calculated based on abundance data for all ortholog groups and a Jason-Shannon divergence (JSD) measure. Data points are scaled by the relative abundance of the respective pathway in the different samples.</p

Shannon diversity index for supra-gingival plaque collected from dogs 24 hours (blue) and 48 hours (red) after a full mouth descale and polish.

<p>Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals around the mean.</p

Primary colonization of hydroxyapatite by canine oral bacterial isolates.

<p>Quantity (Crystal violet) and respiratory activity (Alamar blue) measured after 2 hours interaction with the surface followed by 24 hours growth.</p><p>Adhered bacteria stain dark purple with Crystal violet. The Alamar blue stain becomes pink in the presence of respiratory activity. Relative intensity of color change measured visually and ranked on a four point scale from most to least intense (+++, ++, +, -). Each score is the result of analysis of three biological replicates.</p><p>Primary colonization of hydroxyapatite by canine oral bacterial isolates.</p

A randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation for a national cohort of forensic patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Abstract Background Evidence is accumulating that Cognitive Remediation Training (CRT) is effective for ameliorating cognitive deficits experienced by patients with schizophrenia and accompanying functional impairment. There has been no randomized controlled trial of CRT using a nationally representative population of forensic patients, despite the significant cognitive deficits frequently present within this group. Methods Sixty-five patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were enrolled in a single blind randomized controlled trial of CRT versus treatment as usual (TAU); representing 94% of those eligible within a national forensic cohort. The primary outcome measure was the composite score of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Secondary outcome measures included neurocognitive and social cognitive domains, symptoms, and ‘real world’ functioning. Patient satisfaction was examined using an exit interview. Participants were reassessed at 8 months follow up. All data were analyzed using an intention to treat design (ITT). Results For the primary outcome measure, the MCCB composite score, there were significant differences between those who participated in CRT and those receiving TAU at both end of treatment and 8 months follow up (Cohen’s d = 0.34. Significant improvements were observed in visual and working memory. Mediation analysis found that those who cognitively benefited from CRT had corresponding improved functioning, and more net positive therapeutic moves i.e. moves to units with lower security within the hospital. Ninety-six percent believed their cognitive gains positively affected their daily lives. Conclusions CRT may be an acceptable and efficacious intervention for forensic patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02360813. Trial registered Feb 4th 2015, last updated May 1st 2015