Beyond the marrow:insights from comprehensive next-generation sequencing of extramedullary multiple myeloma tumors

Extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) is an aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM). This study represents the most comprehensive next-generation sequencing analysis of EMM tumors (N = 14) to date, uncovering key molecular features and describing the tumor microenvironment. We observed the co-occurrence of 1q21 gain/amplification and MAPK pathway mutations in 79% of EMM samples, suggesting that these are crucial mutational events in EMM development. We also demonstrated that patients with mutated KRAS and 1q21 gain/amplification at the time of diagnosis have a significantly higher risk of EMM development (HR = 2.4, p = 0.011) using data from a large CoMMpass dataset. We identified downregulation of CXCR4 and enhanced cell proliferation, along with reduced expression of therapeutic targets (CD38, SLAMF7, GPRC5D, FCRH5), potentially explaining diminished efficacy of immunotherapy. Conversely, we identified significantly upregulated EZH2 and CD70 as potential future therapeutic options. For the first time, we report on the tumor microenvironment of EMM, revealing CD8+ T cells and NK cells as predominant immune effector cells using single-cell sequencing. Finally, this is the first longitudinal study in EMM revealing the molecular changes from the time of diagnosis to EMM relapse.</p

Investigations of properties of pipes after electrochemical ageing process

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu starzenia elektrochemicznego na zmianę właściwości rur wykonanych z polietylenu. Próbki do badań wycięto z rur wykonanych metodą wytłaczania, a następnie poddano procesowi starzenia elektrochemicznego. Proces przyspieszonego starzenia wykonano w roztworze wodnym NaCl, w którym umieszczono próbki przeznaczone do badań. Badania wykonano na próbkach zarówno przed, jak i po procesie starzenia elektrochemicznego. Przeprowadzono badania metodą różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej, twardości metodą wciskania kulki oraz metodą Shore’a. Zbadano barwę i połysk próbek oraz przeprowadzono pomiary wytrzymałości na rozciąganie badanych polimerów. Na podstawie wykonanych badań stwierdzono zmiany właściwości badanych materiałów polimerowych po procesie starzenia.This article presents the results of investigations of pipes made from three different commercial varieties of polyethylene. The test specimens were cut from pipes made by extrusion, and then have been subjected to electrochemical ageing. Accelerate of the ageing process was made in a special chamber, in an aqueous solution of NaCl. The tests were performed on samples before and after electrochemical ageing. The results of differential scanning calorimetry, ball indentation and Shore hardness tensile strength, color and gloss of the samples were presented. On the basis of performed tests, it was found, that as a result of the electrochemical ageing occured irreversible changes in the properties of analyzed materials

The impact of electrochemical ageing on the properties of the multilayer polyethylene pipes

Rury wielowarstwowe są coraz częściej stosowane w instalacjach sieci wodnych, gazowych oraz kanalizacyjnych. Fakt ten spowodowany jest ich lepszymi właściwościami mechanicznymi oraz możliwością instalacji technikami bezwykopowymi. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań rur trójwarstwowych starzonych elektrochemicznie. Wykonano analizę porównawczą próbek przed i po procesie starzenia. Przeprowadzono analizę różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej, badania barwy i połysku oraz sporządzono zdjęcia struktury przy powiększeniu 400x. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, iż degradacji uległa jedynie wierzchnia warstwa ochronna rury, właściwości rdzenia nie uległy zmianie.Multilayer pipes are increasingly being used in installations of water, gas and sewage. This fact is due to their superior mechanical properties and the possibility of install with trenchless techniques. The article presents the results of investigations of three-layer pipes aged electrochemically. Was made a comparative analysis of samples before and after aging. Was done of differential scanning calorimetry study of color, gloss and to structure at a magnification of 400x. The analysis shows that the degradation has occured only the top protective layer of the pipe, the properties of the core has not changed

Analysis of the impact of technological parameters control and work environment on the quality pipes made in extrusion technology

W artykule scharakteryzowano wpływ wybranych parametrów procesu wytłaczania i środowiska pracy na jakość wytworzonych rur. W celu określenia częstotliwości i przyczyn występowania wad wytłoczyn wykorzystano takie narzędzie doskonalenia jakości, jak diagram Ishikawy. Zanalizowano 10 dominujących wad powstałych podczas procesu wytłaczania. Podjęto próbę ustalenia intensywności występowania wad oraz możliwości ich eliminacji.In article was characterized the impact of extrusion process parameters and work environment on the quality of manufactured pipes. In order to determine the causes of defects of extrudates was used for quality improvement tools such as Ishikawa diagram. They analyzed 10 dominant defects occurring during the extrusion process. An attempt was made to determine the intensity of defects and their possible elimination

Thermomechanical properties of polyamide 6 with addition of fly ash from biomass

Modification of polymer materials by various kinds of fillers is presently applied very often in massive production. This is due to the need for materials with better properties and lower prices for parts. One of the newest solutions is the filling of polymers with fly ash. This results in a change in products properties and reduction the amount of waste in the form of ashes. This article shows the results of investigations of thermomechanical properties of polyamide 6 modified by fly ash from the combustion of biomass. Comparative analysis of unfilled polyamide and polyamide composites with the addition of 5%, 10% and 15% of fly ash was performed. The specimens were obtained using injection moulding technology. The commercial name for the Polyamide 6 used in this study is TARNAMID T-27 and was manufactured by Zakłady Azotowe Tarnów. Fly ash manufactured by GDF Suez Energia Polska S.A. was applied as a filler. The investigations of mechanical properties were made using a harness by pressing ball method, impact strength by Charpy method and tensile strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), softening temperature by Vicat, and colour investigations were also performed. Pictures of microstructure were made

Prediction of changes in properties of pipes from polyethylene in the research of simulation of ageing

This study presents a comparative analysis of specimens before and after photochemical and electrochemical ageing processes. The specimens were cut out of the pipes obtained through extrusion. The examinations were carried out for two commercial grades of polyethylene. Ageing with UV radiation was carried out using a gas discharge lamp, whereas simulation of electrochemical ageing was performed in a water solution of NaCl. Tensile strength testing, differential scanning calorimetry, colour and gloss measurements and hardness testing using the method of ball indentation were carried out for both types of specimens (after ageing and without ageing). Analysis of the results of the examinations revealed that ageing caused significant changes in properties of the specimens. In the samples after ageing was observed decrease in tensile strength. Found a decrease in the degree of crystallinity and changing temperatures physical changes. In the samples after ageing was observed different values of the parameters describing the colour. In samples after ageing also reported a reduction in gloss and hardness

Influence of processing parameters on properties of polyamide filled with glass balls

Comparative analysis of thermomechanical properties of polyamide and polyamide composites with addition of 30% of glass balls was performed. The specimens were obtained using the injection moulding technology by means of KraussMaffei KM65-160C1 injection moulding machine. The non-filled polyamide and part of components were injected using the parameters recommended by the manufacturer. A reduced value of mould cooling temperature was used for the other non-filled specimens. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hardness testing, impact strength testing, bending resistance and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were also performed

Thermal and mechanical properties of the polyethylene composite with filler derived from the milling of car carpets

Problemy dotyczące utylizacji i recyklingu elementów polimerowych znajdujących się w samochodach są aktualnym i istotnym problemem w przetwórstwie tworzyw sztucznych. W przeciętnym pojeździe znajduje się ogromna liczba przedmiotów wykonanych z tworzyw polimerowych. Należą do nich m.in. dywaniki samochodowe, które stanowią cenny potencjał do odzyskania np. poliamidu. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań próbek kompozytów polietylenu z dodatkiem 25% i 50% napełniacza pochodzącego z przemiału używanych dywaników samochodów różnych marek. Wykonano badania twardości, różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej DSC, badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie oraz dynamicznych właściwości mechanicznych DMTA.Problems concerning the disposal and recycling of polymer elements found in cars are current and important issue in plastics processing. In the average vehicle there is a huge number of objects made of plastics. Among them there are car mats, which constitute a valuable potential for recovery, eg. polyamide. The article presents the results of research the composite samples of polyethylene with the addition 25% and 50% filler, derieved from the milling of used mats of cars of different brands. The harness, differential scanning calorimetry DSC, tensile strength testing, and dynamic mechanical properties DMTA were investigated

Levels of Macro- and Trace Elements and Select Cytokines in the Semen of Infertile Men

The current study evaluated levels of macro-/trace elements, select cytokines, and sperm quality, in the semen of men with abnormal spermograms. The study population of men with abnormal spermograms was divided into three groups, i.e., oligospermic, asthenozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic. The control group was fertile men with normal semen parameters. Analyses showed that in comparison with that in the semen of the fertile men, levels of calcium, magnesium, and selenium were significantly lower in men with all three groups. Semen levels of zinc were significantly lower in men with asthenospermia as compared with that in control. GGT (gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase) activity in semen was significantly higher in men in any of the three states as compared with that seen in control semen. In contrast, semen ALT (alanine aminotransferase) activity was reduced in men with any of these abnormalities compared with that in the controls. Semen cholesterol levels were significantly lower in men with asthenospermia as compared with control semen. Of all the measured cytokines, only IL-5 levels were reduced in the semen of the men with any of the conditions as compared with control semen. The semen of infertile males is characterized by reduced levels of calcium, magnesium, and trace metals such as zinc and selenium. The study also indicated that measures of cholesterol and of GGT/ALT activities could serve as supplementary parameters indicative of semen quality. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of the measured parameters in sperm physiology