Characteristics of the study population.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; hypertension, systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg or had medication for controlling blood pressure; diabetes, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl or using medication for diabetes; regular exercise: walking or hiking ≥30 mins/2 to 3 days.</p><p>Numbers in bold indicate significant findings (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Association of <i>SPP1</i> common htSNPs and haplotypes with low BMD.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; Freq., haplotype frequency; BMD, bone mineral density; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; L, low BMD; H, high BMD.</p><p>All models were adjusted for age, menopausal status, BMI (kg/m²), serum ALP (IU/L), UA (mg/dL), LDL (mg/dL), and exercise (frequency × duration × intensity).</p><p>The SNPs with underscore indicate variant allele.</p><p>Numbers in bold indicated significant findings (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Benefits or reduced mortality for chewers and for non- chewers from being active.

<p>Benefits or reduced mortality for chewers and for non- chewers from being active.</p

Mortality risk of chewers in total cohort and among smokers in cohort.

<p>Mortality risk of chewers in total cohort and among smokers in cohort.</p

Comparison of life expectancy among inactive chewers, active chewers, and general population.

<p>Comparison of life expectancy among inactive chewers, active chewers, and general population.</p

Demographics and clinical characteristics by chewing status.

<p>Demographics and clinical characteristics by chewing status.</p

Flow diagram of study subjects by chewing and by smoking status.

<p>Flow diagram of study subjects by chewing and by smoking status.</p

Differences in remaining years in life by chewing status and by physical activity status (males at age 30).

<p>Differences in remaining years in life by chewing status and by physical activity status (males at age 30).</p