Novel Paper-Based Fluorescent Sensor Based on N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots (N-CQDs) and Cotton Fiber Paper (CFP) with High Selectivity and Sensitivity for the Visual Determination of Mercury (II) in Environmental Waters

A highly selective solid-state fluorescent sensor based on N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) and cotton fiber paper (CFP) is reported for the determination of trace mercury (II)(Hg2+). The N-doped carbon quantum dots on cotton fiber paper (N-CQDs@CFP) was synthesized using a facile one-step microwave hydrothermal method. Multiple approaches were employed to fully investigate the morphology and chemical structure of the paper-based fluorescent sensor. The N-CQDs were chemically bonded onto the CFP, which offers good reproducibility and stability of the sensor. The N-CQDs@CFP showed high-intensity blue emission in dark-field imaging, and the fluorescence was quenched by Hg2+. The Hg2+ in aqueous samples was easily determined and visually monitored. There was good linearity from 0 to 250 μM, and the limit of detection was 34 nM. The paper-based fluorescent sensor provided accurate and rapid determination of Hg2+ upon comparison with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). The simple preparation, rapid detection (< 5 min), low cost, and easy-handling illustrate that the reported sensor has a significant value in environmental monitoring.</p

Photoreductive Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ethers in the Presence of Carboxylates under Visible Light Irradiation

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have aroused global environmental concerns because of their toxicity and ubiquitousness in the biological and environmental systems. It is important to find an efficient method for their decontamination and to understand their chemical transformation in the environment. Here, we report that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) undergoes efficient reductive debromination reactions under visible-light irradiation (≥420 nm) in the presence of various carboxylate anions that are common in the environmental media. The debromination reactions occur in a stepwise manner, producing a series of lower brominated PBDE congeners. Solvent-derived radials are observed by spin-trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments during the photoreaction. Further experiments by the UV–vis absorption and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), combined with theoretical calculations, reveal a new photochemical debromination pathway based on the halogen binding interaction. According to this pathway, the formation of halogen-binding-based complex between PBDE and carboxylate enables the visible-light absorption and debromination of PBDEs, although neither PBDEs nor carboxylates have visible-light absorption. The halogen-bond-based photochemical debromination could find its application for our better understanding of the transformation process of PBDEs in the environment

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Additional file 9: Figure S5. Funnel plot of progression-free survival (PFS) at 1 year (a), 2 years (b), 3 years (c),and 5 years (d)

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Additional file 14: Figure S10. Sensitivity analysis diagram of progression-free survival (PFS) at 1 year (a), 2 years (b), 3 years (c),and 5 years (d)

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Additional file 10: Figure S6. Funnel plot of treatment-related mortality (TRM) at 100 days (a), 1 year (b), 2 years (c), 3 years (d), and 5 years (e)

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Additional file 3: Table S3. Quality assessment of individual clinical trials

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Additional file 12: Figure S8. Funnel plot of relapse rate (a) and death (b)

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Additional file 8: Figure S4. Funnel plot of overall survival (OS) at 1 year (a), 2 years (b), 3 years (c), and 5 years (d)

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Additional file 17: Figure S13. Sensitivity analysis diagram of relapse rate (a) and death (b)

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Additional file 15: Figure S11. Sensitivity analysis diagram of treatment-related mortality (TRM) at 100 days (a), 1 year (b), 2 years (c), 3 years (d),and 5 years (e)