AB-SIFA: SIFA with Adjacent-Byte Model

Statistical Ineffective Fault Attack (SIFA) has been a threat for implementa-tions of symmetric cryptographic primitives. Unlike Differential Fault At-tacks (DFA) which takes both correct and faulty ciphertexts, SIFA can re-cover the secret key with only correct ciphertexts. The classic SIFA is only effective on fault models with non-uniform distribution of intermediate val-ue. In this paper, we present a new fault model named adjacent-byte model, which describes a non-uniform distribution of relationship between two bytes (i.e. exclusive-or). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this fault model has been proposed. We also show that the adjacent-byte faults can be induced by different fault sources and easy to reproduce. Then a new SIFA attack method called AB-SIFA on symmetric cryptography is proposed. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this new attack by simulating the attack. Finally, our attacks are applied to a software implementations of AES-128 with redundant countermeasure and a hardware AES co-processor, utilizing voltage glitches and clock glitches

Effects of Carbonaceous Materials with Different Structures on Cadmium Fractions and Microecology in Cadmium-Contaminated Soils

Carbonaceous materials have proved to be effective in cadmium remediation, but their influences on soil microecology have not been studied well. Taking the structural differences and the maintenance of soil health as the entry point, we chose graphene (G), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and wetland plant-based biochar (ZBC) as natural and engineered carbonaceous materials to explore their effects on Cd fractions, nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial communities in soils. The results showed that ZBC had stronger electronegativity and more oxygen-containing functional groups, which were related to its better performance in reducing soil acid-extractable cadmium (EX-Cd) among the three materials, with a reduction rate of 2.83–9.44%. Additionally, ZBC had greater positive effects in terms of improving soil properties, nutrients, and enzyme activities. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis showed that ZBC could increase the content of organic matter and available potassium, enhance the activity of urease and sucrase, and regulate individual bacterial abundance, thereby reducing soil EX-Cd. Three carbonaceous materials could maintain the diversity of soil microorganisms and the stability of the microbial community structures to a certain extent, except for the high-dose application of ZBC. In conclusion, ZBC could better immobilize Cd and maintain soil health in a short period of time

Validation of geometric and dosimetric accuracy of edge accelerator gating with electromagnetic tracking: A phantom study

This work was to devise a comprehensive testing scheme to evaluate the geometric and dosimetric accuracy of the Edge accelerator gating with electromagnetic tracking (EMT) for its safety in clinical application. A CIRS thorax phantom was scanned with four-dimensional cone-beam CT (4D-CBCT) on an Edge accelerator while the simulated tumor was simultaneously tracked with an EMT system using Calypso. The geometric accuracy was validated by comparing the motion trajectories derived from Calypso and 4D-CBCT with the ground truth from motion control software. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional dynamic doses were measured with the Matrixx and ArcCHECK installed on a motion platform, both with and without EMT. For tumor motion with 5, 7.5 mm amplitudes, the average absolute differences of sample position between Calypso and the ground truth were 0.286±0.234 mm, 0.407±0.331 mm respectively. Dosimetric accuracy was validated with 3 mm/3% gamma criterion. The average gamma pass rates of 2D dynamic dose validation based on Matrixx were less than 46% without EMT, 97.3% using 2 mm gating limit, 96% using 3 mm gating limit and 93.4% using 5mm gating limit respectively. The mean 3D dynamic dose validation pass rates based on ArcCHECK were 65.9% without EMT, 96.2% using 3 mm gating limit, and 92.5% using 5 mm gating limit with EMT respectively. The geometric accuracy of the Calypso system in tracking the moving target area was stable at the submillimeter level. The dosimetric accuracy could be improved significantly with EMT using an appropriate gating limit

Safety and efficacy of Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis among Chinese infants: a sub-group analysis of a five-year open-label study

Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) exhibits difference in immune polarization between Caucasians and Asian races due to which an evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Pimecrolimus (PIM) in Asian population is called for. The current study addresses the need via a sub-group analysis of the PETITE study (NCT00120523) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PIM in Chinese infants. Materials and methods Patients with AD (≥3 months–<12 months of age) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either PIM 1% cream or topical corticosteroids (TCS). The primary endpoint was safety. The secondary endpoint was efficacy. Results 120 patients were randomized to either PIM 1% or TCS (n = 61 for PIM, n = 59 for TCS). The most often reported adverse events were reported by similar proportions of patients treated with PIM or TCS. There was a progressive increase in overall IGA treatment success in infants treated with PIM (82.9%, p < .05, 95% CI: 70.4, 95.3) after 26 weeks which was comparable to the TCS group (88.5%, p < .05, 95% CI: 79.8, 97.1). Conclusion PIM showed an early and sustained efficacy in the Chinese sub-population with a substantial corticosteroid-sparing effect in patients with AD

Genotype distribution of three SNPs by smoking status in patients and controls.

a<p>cases/controls.</p>b<p>adjusted for age and gender.</p>c<p>AA+AC vs CC.</p

Association between three SNPs in 8q24 and risk of lung cancer.

a<p>cases/controls.</p>b<p>adjusted for age, sex and smoking status.</p

Association between three SNPs on 8q24 and survival in patients with lung cancer.

a<p>adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, tumor stage, histology and histological grade.</p

Kaplan–Meier survival curves for lung cancer patients in the Zhejiang study population with different rs6983267 genotypes.

<p>A: all lung cancer patients. B: patients with stage III–IV tumors.</p

Characteristic of cases and controls.

<p>Characteristic of cases and controls.</p