Exploration of Sweeping Effect: Droplet Coalescence Jumping of a Rolling and Static Droplet

The sweeping effect of merged droplets plays a key role in enhancing application performance due to the continuing coalescence caused by the horizontal jumping velocity. Most studies focused on static droplet coalescence jumping, while moving droplet coalescence is poorly understood. In this work, we experimentally and numerically study the coalescence of a rolling droplet and a static one. When the droplet radius ratio is larger than 0.8, as the dimensionless initial velocity increases and the vertical jumping velocity first decreases and then increases. The critical dimensionless initial velocity Vc* corresponding to the minimum vertical jumping velocity could be estimated as 0.9(rs2rm2). When the droplet radius ratio is smaller than 0.8, the dimensionless initial velocity has a positive effect on the vertical jumping velocity. The mechanism of the vertical jumping velocity can be attributed to two parts: liquid bridge impact and retraction of the merged droplet. The squeezing effect generated by the initial velocity between the two droplets promotes the growth of the liquid bridge and enhances the impact effect of the liquid bridge but weakens the upward velocity accumulation caused by the retraction of the merged droplets. However, different from the vertical jumping velocity, the horizontal jumping velocity is approximately proportional to the dimensionless initial velocity. The outcome of our work elucidates a fundamental understanding of a rolling droplet coalescing with a static one

Exploration of Sweeping Effect: Droplet Coalescence Jumping of a Rolling and Static Droplet

The sweeping effect of merged droplets plays a key role in enhancing application performance due to the continuing coalescence caused by the horizontal jumping velocity. Most studies focused on static droplet coalescence jumping, while moving droplet coalescence is poorly understood. In this work, we experimentally and numerically study the coalescence of a rolling droplet and a static one. When the droplet radius ratio is larger than 0.8, as the dimensionless initial velocity increases and the vertical jumping velocity first decreases and then increases. The critical dimensionless initial velocity Vc* corresponding to the minimum vertical jumping velocity could be estimated as 0.9(rs2rm2). When the droplet radius ratio is smaller than 0.8, the dimensionless initial velocity has a positive effect on the vertical jumping velocity. The mechanism of the vertical jumping velocity can be attributed to two parts: liquid bridge impact and retraction of the merged droplet. The squeezing effect generated by the initial velocity between the two droplets promotes the growth of the liquid bridge and enhances the impact effect of the liquid bridge but weakens the upward velocity accumulation caused by the retraction of the merged droplets. However, different from the vertical jumping velocity, the horizontal jumping velocity is approximately proportional to the dimensionless initial velocity. The outcome of our work elucidates a fundamental understanding of a rolling droplet coalescing with a static one

Confirmation of amino acid sequence of EV71 VLPs.

<p>Amino acid sequence of VP0 (a), VP1 (b) and VP3 (c) of EV71 VLPs (A), as determined by translation of the corresponding DNA sequences. Peptides are shown that have been obtained by digestion with trypsin (blue), chymotrypsin (green) or endoproteinase Glu-C (red) and identified by LC-MS/MS. The N-terminal sequences are marked in orange and the C-terminal sequences in purple. (B) N-glycosylation site at VP1 residue N¹⁷⁶ of EV71 VLPs. Monoisotopic mass of neutral peptide Mr (calc): 1777.8887; fixed modifications: Carbamidomethyl (C) (applied to specified residues or termini only); variable modifications: N10: deamidated (NQ); ions score: 57 Expect: 2.1e-006; matches: 21/162 fragment ions using 39 of the most intense peaks. Electrospray MS/MS spectra were assigned to the EV71 VLPs primary sequence using the Mascot 2.1.0 (Matrix Science, London, UK) software, and an in-house protein sequence database was established.</p

Characterization of human enterovirus71 virus-like particles used for vaccine antigens - Fig 3

<p>Purity analysis of EV71 VLPs. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified EV71 VLPs (3 μg/well) from three production batches (one batch per lane), stained with silver (A). Alternatively, after SDS-PAGE, proteins were transferred onto blotting membranes and probed with EV71-specific antibodies (B). Anti-VP1 rabbit polyclonal antibody, anti-VP2 mouse polyclonal antibody detecting VP0 protein and anti-VP3 mouse polyclonal antibody were used in the Western blot. (C) EV71 VLPs (50 μL) after final purification were detected by TSK gel® G5000.</p

Characterization and cryo-TEM imaging of recombinant EV71 VLPs.

<p>EV71 VLPs purified by a multistep chromatographic process were characterized by cryo-TEM (A) and AUC (B).</p