15 research outputs found
Nanoscale Topography Influences Polymer Surface Diffusion
Using high-throughput single-molecule tracking, we studied the diffusion of poly(ethylene glycol) chains at the interface between water and a hydrophobic surface patterned with an array of hexagonally arranged nanopillars. Polymer molecules displayed anomalous diffusion; in particular, they exhibited intermittent motion (<i>i.e.</i>, immobilization and “hopping”) suggestive of continuous-time random walk (CTRW) behavior associated with desorption-mediated surface diffusion. The statistics of the molecular trajectories changed systematically on surfaces with pillars of increasing height, exhibiting motion that was increasingly subdiffusive and with longer waiting times between diffusive steps. The trajectories were well-described by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of CTRW motion in the presence of randomly distributed permeable obstacles, where the permeability (the main undetermined parameter) was conceptually related to the obstacle height. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of interfacial transport in the presence of obstacles and on nanotopographically patterned surfaces
Energy and Biocides Storage Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization of Energetic Bridged Bis(triiodoazoles)
Energetic bridged
triiodopyrazoles and triiodoimidazoles were designed and synthsized
by reacting potassium triiodopyrazolate or triiodoimidazolate with
corresponding dichloro compounds. All
compounds were fully characterized by <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The
structure of compound <b>1</b> was further confirmed by single-crystal
X-ray diffraction. All of the compounds exhibit good thermal stability
with decomposition temperatures between 199 and 270 °C and high
densities ranging from 2.804 to 3.358 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The detonation
performances and the detonation products were calculated by CHEETAH
7. Compound <b>3</b> (<i>D</i><sub>v</sub> = 4765
m s<sup>–1</sup>; <i>P</i> = 17.9 GPa) and compound <b>7</b> (<i>D</i><sub>v</sub> = 4841 m s<sup>–1</sup>; <i>P</i> = 18.5 GPa) show comparable detonation pressure
to TNT, and high iodine content makes them promising as energy and
biocides storage compounds
Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Salts: Both Cations and Anions Contain Tetrazole Rings
<div><p>Nitrogen-rich compounds are a kind of new type of energetic material and have good application prospects. They generally have high densities, high positive heats of formation, good thermal stability, and a series of excellent properties. Nitro-rich energetic salts in which cations and anions contain tetrazole rings possess more N-N and C-N bonds. These can help the salts achieve better performance. Their distinct advantages make them attractive for applications in gas generators and high-energy-density materials and as propellant additives.</p></div
Polymer Surface Transport Is a Combination of in-Plane Diffusion and Desorption-Mediated Flights
Previous studies of polymer motion
at solid/liquid interfaces described
the transport in the context of a continuous time random walk (CTRW)
process, in which diffusion switches between desorption-mediated “flights”
(i.e., hopping) and surface-adsorbed waiting-time intervals. However,
it has been unclear whether the waiting times represented periods
of complete immobility or times during which molecules engaged in
a different (e.g., slower or confined) mode of interfacial transport.
Here we designed high-throughput, single-molecule tracking measurements
to address this question. Specifically, we studied polymer dynamics
on either chemically homogeneous or nanopatterned surfaces (hexagonal
diblock copolymer films) with chemically distinct domains, where polymers
were essentially excluded from the low-affinity domains, eliminating
the possibility of significant continuous diffusion in the absence
of desorption-mediated flights. Indeed, the step-size distributions
on homogeneous surfaces exhibited an additional diffusive mode that
was missing on the chemically heterogeneous nanopatterned surfaces,
confirming the presence of a slow continuous mode due to 2D in-plane
diffusion. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were performed to test
this model and, with the theoretical in-plane diffusion coefficient
of <i>D</i><sub>2D</sub> = 0.20 ÎĽm<sup>2</sup>/s,
we found a good agreement between simulations and experimental data
on both chemically homogeneous and nanopatterned surfaces
Backbone Isomerization to Enhance Thermal Stability and Decrease Mechanical Sensitivities of 10 Nitro-Substituted Bipyrazoles
The
development of novel, environmentally friendly, and high-energy
oxidizers remains interesting and challenging for replacing halogen-containing
ammonium perchloride (AP). The trinitromethyl moiety
is one of the most promising substituents for designing high-energy
density oxidizers. In this study, a backbone isomerization strategy
was utilized to manipulate the properties of 10 nitro group-substituted
bipyrazoles containing the largest number of nitro groups among the
bis-azole backbones so far. Another advanced high-energy density oxidizer,
3,3′,5,5′-tetranitro-1,1′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazole (3), was designed and synthesized. Compared to the isomer 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (4) (Td = 125 °C), 3 possesses better thermostability (Td = 156 °C), which is close to that of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Td = 159 °C), and it
possesses better mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivity (IS) = 13 J and friction sensitivity (FS) = 240 N) than that of 4 (IS = 9 J
and FS = 215 N), thereby demonstrating a promising
perspective for practical applications
Backbone Isomerization to Enhance Thermal Stability and Decrease Mechanical Sensitivities of 10 Nitro-Substituted Bipyrazoles
The
development of novel, environmentally friendly, and high-energy
oxidizers remains interesting and challenging for replacing halogen-containing
ammonium perchloride (AP). The trinitromethyl moiety
is one of the most promising substituents for designing high-energy
density oxidizers. In this study, a backbone isomerization strategy
was utilized to manipulate the properties of 10 nitro group-substituted
bipyrazoles containing the largest number of nitro groups among the
bis-azole backbones so far. Another advanced high-energy density oxidizer,
3,3′,5,5′-tetranitro-1,1′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazole (3), was designed and synthesized. Compared to the isomer 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (4) (Td = 125 °C), 3 possesses better thermostability (Td = 156 °C), which is close to that of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Td = 159 °C), and it
possesses better mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivity (IS) = 13 J and friction sensitivity (FS) = 240 N) than that of 4 (IS = 9 J
and FS = 215 N), thereby demonstrating a promising
perspective for practical applications
Backbone Isomerization to Enhance Thermal Stability and Decrease Mechanical Sensitivities of 10 Nitro-Substituted Bipyrazoles
The
development of novel, environmentally friendly, and high-energy
oxidizers remains interesting and challenging for replacing halogen-containing
ammonium perchloride (AP). The trinitromethyl moiety
is one of the most promising substituents for designing high-energy
density oxidizers. In this study, a backbone isomerization strategy
was utilized to manipulate the properties of 10 nitro group-substituted
bipyrazoles containing the largest number of nitro groups among the
bis-azole backbones so far. Another advanced high-energy density oxidizer,
3,3′,5,5′-tetranitro-1,1′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazole (3), was designed and synthesized. Compared to the isomer 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (4) (Td = 125 °C), 3 possesses better thermostability (Td = 156 °C), which is close to that of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Td = 159 °C), and it
possesses better mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivity (IS) = 13 J and friction sensitivity (FS) = 240 N) than that of 4 (IS = 9 J
and FS = 215 N), thereby demonstrating a promising
perspective for practical applications
Efficient Construction of Energetic Materials via Nonmetallic Catalytic Carbon–Carbon Cleavage/Oxime-Release-Coupling Reactions
The exploitation
of C–C activation to facilitate chemical
reactions is well-known in organic chemistry. Traditional strategies
in homogeneous media rely upon catalyst-activated or metal-mediated
C–C bonds leading to the design of new processes for applications
in organic chemistry. However, activation of a C–C bond, compared
with C–H bond activation, is a more challenging process and
an underdeveloped area because thermodynamics does not favor insertion
into a C–C bond in solution. Carbon–carbon bond cleavage
through loss of an oxime moiety has not been reported. In this paper,
a new observation of self-coupling via C–C bond cleavage with
concomitant loss of oxime in the absence of metals (either metal-complex
mediation or catalysis) results in dihydroxylammonium 5,5-bistetrazole-1,10-diolate
(TKX-50) as well as <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-([3,3′-biÂ(1,2,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5′-diyl)Âdinitramine,
a potential candidate for a new generation of energetic materials
Backbone Isomerization to Enhance Thermal Stability and Decrease Mechanical Sensitivities of 10 Nitro-Substituted Bipyrazoles
The
development of novel, environmentally friendly, and high-energy
oxidizers remains interesting and challenging for replacing halogen-containing
ammonium perchloride (AP). The trinitromethyl moiety
is one of the most promising substituents for designing high-energy
density oxidizers. In this study, a backbone isomerization strategy
was utilized to manipulate the properties of 10 nitro group-substituted
bipyrazoles containing the largest number of nitro groups among the
bis-azole backbones so far. Another advanced high-energy density oxidizer,
3,3′,5,5′-tetranitro-1,1′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazole (3), was designed and synthesized. Compared to the isomer 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-bisÂ(trinitromethyl)-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (4) (Td = 125 °C), 3 possesses better thermostability (Td = 156 °C), which is close to that of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Td = 159 °C), and it
possesses better mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivity (IS) = 13 J and friction sensitivity (FS) = 240 N) than that of 4 (IS = 9 J
and FS = 215 N), thereby demonstrating a promising
perspective for practical applications
Efficient Construction of Energetic Materials via Nonmetallic Catalytic Carbon–Carbon Cleavage/Oxime-Release-Coupling Reactions
The exploitation
of C–C activation to facilitate chemical
reactions is well-known in organic chemistry. Traditional strategies
in homogeneous media rely upon catalyst-activated or metal-mediated
C–C bonds leading to the design of new processes for applications
in organic chemistry. However, activation of a C–C bond, compared
with C–H bond activation, is a more challenging process and
an underdeveloped area because thermodynamics does not favor insertion
into a C–C bond in solution. Carbon–carbon bond cleavage
through loss of an oxime moiety has not been reported. In this paper,
a new observation of self-coupling via C–C bond cleavage with
concomitant loss of oxime in the absence of metals (either metal-complex
mediation or catalysis) results in dihydroxylammonium 5,5-bistetrazole-1,10-diolate
(TKX-50) as well as <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-([3,3′-biÂ(1,2,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5′-diyl)Âdinitramine,
a potential candidate for a new generation of energetic materials