Common and distinct equity preferences in children and adults

Fairness plays a crucial role in children’s social life and has garnered considerable attention. However, previous research and theories primarily examined the development of children’s fairness behaviors in the conflict between self-interest motivation and fairness-complying motivation, neglecting the influence of advantage-seeking motivation. Moreover, despite the well-established role of gain/loss frame in human decision-making, it remains largely unclear whether the framing effect modulates fairness behaviors in children. It was hypothesized that children would exhibit advantage-seeking motivation resulting in more selfish behaviors in the loss context. To examine the hypothesis, we combined an adapted dictator game and computational modeling to investigate various motivations underlying fairness behaviors of children in both loss and gain contexts and to explore the developmental directions by contrasting children and adults. In addition, the current design enabled the dissociation between fairness knowledge and behaviors by asking participants to decide for themselves (the first-party role) or for others (the third-party role). This study recruited a total of 34 children (9–10 years, Mage = 9.82, SDage = 0.38, 16 females) and 31 college students (Mage = 19.81, SDage = 1.40, 17 females). The behavioral results indicated that children behaved more selfishly in first-party and more fairly in third-party than adults, without any significant framing effects. The computational results revealed that both children and adults exhibited aversion to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity in third-party. However, they showed distinct preferences for advantageous inequity in first-party, with advantage-seeking preferences among children and aversion to advantageous inequity among adults. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of children’s social preferences and their developmental directions

Expression of an extremely acidic β-1,4-glucanase from thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus sp. A4 in Pichia pastoris is improved by truncating the gene sequence

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Alicyclobacillus </it>sp. A4 is thermoacidophilic and produces many glycoside hydrolases. An extremely acidic β-1,4-glucanase (CelA4) has been isolated from <it>Alicyclobacillus </it>sp. A4 and purified. This glucanase with a molecular mass of 48.6 kDa decreases the viscosity of barley-soybean feed under simulated gastric conditions. Therefore, it has the potential to improve the nutrient bioavailability of pig feed. For the study reported herein, the full-length gene, <it>CelA4</it>, of this glucanase (CelA4) was identified using the sequences of six peptides and cloned from strain A4. The gene fragment (<it>CelA4</it>_<it>F</it>) encoding the mature protein was expressed in <it>Pichia pastoris</it>. Sequence truncation and glycosylation were found for recombinant CelA4_F, both of which affected the expression efficiency. The physical properties of various forms of CelA4 as they affected enzymatic activity were characterized.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We located the full-length 2,148-bp gene for CelA4 (<it>CelA4</it>) in the genome of <it>Alicyclobacillus </it>sp. A4. <it>CelA4 </it>encodes a 715-residue polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 71.64 kDa, including an N-terminal signal peptide (residues 1-39), a catalytic domain (residues 39-497), and a C-terminal threonine-rich region (residues 498-715). Its deduced amino acid sequence and that of an <it>Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius </it>endo-β-1,4-glucanase were identical at 44% of the residue positions. When the experimental molecular mass of CelA4_F--a recombinant protein designed to mimic the CelA4 sequence lacking the N-terminal signal peptide that had been expressed in <it>Pichia pastoris</it>--was compared with its hypothetical molecular mass, it was apparent that CelA4_Fwas truncated, possibly at residue 497. An artificially truncated gene fragment (<it>CelA4</it>_<it>T</it>) without C-terminal threonine-rich region was expressed in <it>P. pastoris</it>, and the expression efficiency of CelA4_Twas substantially greater than that of CelA4_F. Purified CelA4_Fand CelA4_Thad similar molecular masses (~60 kDa) and enzymatic properties (optimum pH, 3.4; optimum temperature, 60°C); they were relatively stable between pH 1.2 and 8.2 at 70°C and resistant to acidic and neutral proteases. However, their molecular masses and thermostabilities differed from those of CelA4 isolated from <it>Alicyclobacillus </it>sp. A4. A deglycosylated form of CelA4 (CelA4_D) had properties similar to that of CelA4 except that it was thermoliable at 60°C.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Truncation during expression of CelA4_For artificial truncation of its gene--both of which produced a form of CelA4 lacking a threonine-rich region that includes a putative linker--increased the level of enzyme produced in comparison with that produced by cultivation of <it>Alicyclobacillus </it>sp. A4. Glycosylation increased the thermostability of CelA4. Of the four forms of CelA4 studied, CelA4_Twas produced in highest yield and had the most favorable physical properties; therefore, it has potential for use in the feed industry.</p

Augmenting Large Language Model Translators via Translation Memories

Using translation memories (TMs) as prompts is a promising approach to in-context learning of machine translation models. In this work, we take a step towards prompting large language models (LLMs) with TMs and making them better translators. We find that the ability of LLMs to ``understand'' prompts is indeed helpful for making better use of TMs. Experiments show that the results of a pre-trained LLM translator can be greatly improved by using high-quality TM-based prompts. These results are even comparable to those of the state-of-the-art NMT systems which have access to large-scale in-domain bilingual data and are well tuned on the downstream tasks.Comment: Accepted to Findings of ACL 202

The Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS)

In this work, we report the set-up and results of the Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LITS) organized in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 2016 and International Conference On Medical Image Computing Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2017. Twenty four valid state-of-the-art liver and liver tumor segmentation algorithms were applied to a set of 131 computed tomography (CT) volumes with different types of tumor contrast levels (hyper-/hypo-intense), abnormalities in tissues (metastasectomie) size and varying amount of lesions. The submitted algorithms have been tested on 70 undisclosed volumes. The dataset is created in collaboration with seven hospitals and research institutions and manually reviewed by independent three radiologists. We found that not a single algorithm performed best for liver and tumors. The best liver segmentation algorithm achieved a Dice score of 0.96(MICCAI) whereas for tumor segmentation the best algorithm evaluated at 0.67(ISBI) and 0.70(MICCAI). The LITS image data and manual annotations continue to be publicly available through an online evaluation system as an ongoing benchmarking resource.Comment: conferenc

Engineering Education and Management - vol.2

This is the proceedings of the selected papers presented at 2011 International Conference on Engineering Education and Management (ICEEM2011) held in Guangzhou, China, during November 18-20, 2011. ICEEM2011 is one of the most important conferences in the field of Engineering Education and Management and is co-organized by Guangzhou University, The University of New South Wales, Zhejiang University and Xi’an Jiaotong University. The conference aims to provide a high-level international forum for scientists, engineers, and students to present their new advances and research results in the field of Engineering Education and Management. This volume comprises 122 papers selected from over 400 papers originally submitted by universities and industrial concerns all over the world. The papers specifically cover the topics of Management Science and Engineering, Engineering Education and Training, Project/Engineering Management, and Other related topics. All of the papers were peer-reviewed by selected experts. The papers have been selected for this volume because of their quality and their relevancy to the topic. This volume will provide readers with a broad overview of the latest advances in the field of Engineering Education and Management. It will also constitute a valuable reference work for researchers in the fields of Engineering Education and Management

Engineering Education and ManagementVol 2, Results of the 2011 International Conference on Engineering Education and Management (ICEEM2011) /

XVI, 776 p.online resource