<i>F</i> and <i>P</i> values of the leaf biomass, total biomass, P_max, Fv/Fm, N concentration, lignin concentration, cellulose concentration and polyphenolic concentration for the two species and three herbivore load levels (except these traits for undamaged leaves at mild herbivore load level) calculated using a factorial ANOVA.

<p>Boldface denotes significance, ns denotes no significance.</p

More damage and weaker resistance in invasive plant after herbivory.

<p>Differences of leaf biomass (a), total biomass (b), P_max (c), Fv/Fm (d), leaf nitrogen concentration (e), leaf lignin concentration (f), leaf cellulose concentration (g) and leaf polyphenolic concentration (h) (mean ±SD) between <i>A. sessilis</i> (black bars) and <i>A. philoxeroides</i> (grey bars) at three herbivore load levels.</p

Undamaged leaf of damaged naive plants don’t decrease photosynthesis or produce defense compounds.

<p>Differences of P_max (a), Fv/Fm (b), leaf nitrogen (c) lignin (d), cellulose (e) and polyphenolic (f) concentrations between damaged (black bars) and undamaged leaves (grey bars) of the two plant species.</p

Surface- and Guest-Promoted Product Selection from a Dynamic Covalent Library: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study

Surface-assisted reaction has gained much attention in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, due largely to its irreplaceability in the fabrication of one- and two-dimensional polymers on various substrates. In this work, surface- and guest-molecule-promoted product selection from a dynamic covalent library as well as transimination were investigated at the liquid/solid interface by virtue of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The significant role played by the substrate in the selection and redistribution of the products is highlighted, which arises from the self-assembling and competitive adsorption of the products. Furthermore, our result demonstrated that the surface-assisted redistribution of the products can be further promoted by addition of a proper guest, which, by forming supramolecular assemblies, enhances the selection toward specific products

Age, composition, and tectonic significance of Palaeozoic granites in the Altyn orogenic belt, China

<div><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>We examined the petrography, litho-geochemistry, and geochronology of granite plutons in the Altyn orogenic belt, northern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to investigate the geodynamic history of the belt. The granites are peraluminous, with variable chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns but generally similar trace element compositions; all are depleted in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, and enriched in Rb, Th, Ta, Zr, and Hf. Their U–Pb zircon ages record multiple magmatic episodes between 500 and 404 Ma (north Altyn block (NAB)), 522 and 432 Ma (central Altyn block (CAB)), and 483 and 226 Ma (south Altyn block (SAB)). We propose a geodynamic model for the Altyn orogenic belt. Prior to 467 Ma, the north Altyn Ocean subducted southward below the NAB. The north Altyn region saw a change from subduction to collision between the Dunhuang block and the NAB during 467–450 Ma. The collision lasted until 430 Ma and was followed by post-collisional extension until 400 Ma. Farther south, the central Altyn Ocean subducted northwards beneath the CAB, resulting in 520–500 Ma granitic magmatism and leading to collision of the south Altyn micro-block (SAMB) with the CAB. Deep subduction of SAMB crust below the CAB resulted in granite intrusions during 490–455 Ma. The SAMB–CAB collision gave way to post-collisional extension, slab break-off, and delamination during 450–430 Ma. Bidirectional subduction of the south Altyn Ocean after ~485 Ma, dominated by southward subduction, continued until 456 Ma. Closure of the south Altyn Ocean led to continent–continent collision between the SAMB and the Qaidam block at 450–430 Ma, followed after ~410 Ma by repeated break-offs of slab segments until 337 Ma. Subsequent intrusions formed at 264–226 Ma in a setting of either post-collisional extension or sinistral strike-slip.</p></div

Summary of MANOVA and univariate ANOVA for effects of integration treatments and competition on biomass allocation of the two clonal plants in the apical sections.

<p>Significant <i>P</i>-values are presented in bold.</p><p>LMR: leaf mass ratio, SMR: stolon mass ratio, RMR: root mass ratio.</p><p>Values give <i>F</i>; symbols give <i>P</i>: * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.</p

Schematic representation of the experimental design.

<p>Clonal fragments of the invasive plant <i>A. philoxeroides</i> or native plant <i>J. repens</i>, each consisting of three basal ramets (dark grey circles) and two apical ramets (light gray circles) with a stolon apex (horizontal arrow), were grown either with (competition) or without (control) competitive vegetation (<i>J. repens</i> or <i>A. philoxeroides</i>, spot-shadow) and with stolon connections between basal and apical ramets were either intact or severed (fork). Three integration treatments were used as follows: severed (stolon connections severed by the scissors), intact (stolon connections kept intact) and nutrient (stolon connections kept intact and with basal ramets in fertilized habitats).</p

Two-way ANOVA results for effects of temperature and species on measures of ACI (Absolute competition intensity), RCI (Relative competition intensity) and RII (Relative interaction index).

<p>Two-way ANOVA results for effects of temperature and species on measures of ACI (Absolute competition intensity), RCI (Relative competition intensity) and RII (Relative interaction index).</p

Summary of MANOVA and univariate ANOVA for effects of integration treatments and competition on growth measures of the two clonal plants in the apical sections.

<p>Significant <i>P</i>-values are presented in bold.</p><p>Values give <i>F</i>; symbols give <i>P</i>: * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.</p

Two-way ANOVA results for effects of temperature and competition on measures oyf growth and morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>angustifolium</i> and <i>E</i>.<i>densa</i>.

<p>Two-way ANOVA results for effects of temperature and competition on measures oyf growth and morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>angustifolium</i> and <i>E</i>.<i>densa</i>.</p