The regions of significant difference using Wilcoxon signed rank test are labeled and colored on the cortical surface for visualization.

<p>The regions of significant difference using Wilcoxon signed rank test are labeled and colored on the cortical surface for visualization.</p

The violin plot of label-wise agreement (ICC) for each MRI scan.

<p>The bootstrapped ICCs of each label from each measurement produced by FreeSurfer are summarized in Fig 1. In addition to the information in the box plot, the shape of the distribution visualized in the violin plot helps to detect clusters or bumps within a distribution. This plot reflects the density of label-wise ICC among different scanners grouped by measurement and parcellation/segmentation types. The distribution of the density plot reveals the portion from different levels that are in agreement within each group. Abbreviations: a2009s, Destrieux Atlas; aparc, Desikan-Killiany Atlas; wm, subcortical white matter; aseg, miscellaneous structures.</p

The violin plot of the <i>p</i> value of label-wise Wilcoxon signed rank test for each MRI scan.

<p>The <i>p</i> value is presented as log₁₀(<i>p</i>). This plot reflects the distribution of label-wise <i>p</i> values between different machines by different measurement type and parcellation/segmentation type. The number and percentage of the regions of statistical significance (<i>p</i> < 0.01 or log₁₀(<i>p</i>) < -2) were also labeled below the violin distribution. Abbreviations: a2009s, Destrieux Atlas; aparc, Desikan-Killiany Atlas; wm, subcortical white matter; aseg, miscellaneous structures.</p

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Skin Lesions Using Conventional Digital Photography: A Reliability and Feasibility Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) software that provides a second opinion has been widely used to assist physicians with various tasks. In dermatology, however, CADx has been mostly limited to melanoma or melanocytic skin cancer diagnosis. The frequency of non-melanocytic skin cancers and the accessibility of regular digital macrographs have raised interest in developing CADx for broader applications.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>To investigate the feasibility of using CADx to diagnose both melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions based on conventional digital photographic images.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This study was approved by an institutional review board, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. In total, 769 conventional photographs of melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions were retrospectively reviewed and used to develop a CADx system. Conventional and new color-related image features were developed to classify the lesions as benign or malignant using support vector machines (SVMs). The performance of CADx was compared with that of dermatologists.</p><p>Results</p><p>The clinicians' overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83.33%, 85.88%, and 85.31%, respectively. New color correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) features improved the classification ability of the baseline CADx (p = 0.001). The estimated area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Az) of the proposed CADx system was 0.949, with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.63% and 87.65%, respectively, and a maximum accuracy of 90.64%.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We have developed an effective CADx system to classify both melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions using conventional digital macrographs. The system's performance was similar to that of dermatologists at our institute. Through improved feature extraction and SVM analysis, we found that conventional digital macrographs were feasible for providing useful information for CADx applications. The new color-related features significantly improved CADx applications for skin cancer.</p></div

Az with different numbers of features for the baseline and proposed CADx systems.

<p>After adding new color-related features, the proposed CADx had a better Az performance than the baseline CADx system did.</p

The prevalence of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in PD patients divided into tertiles based on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels.

<p>The prevalence of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in PD patients divided into tertiles based on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels.</p

Flowchart of the CADx system.

<p>Flowchart of the CADx system.</p

Multivariable logistic regression models for parameters associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

<p>Models 2–4 adjust for age, gender, BMI, DM, HTN, HOMA, and LDL. Models 5 and 6 additionally adjust for interleukin-6.</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA, homeostasis model of insulin resistance; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; LV, left ventricular; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.</p

Two lesions with incorrect clinical diagnoses but correct CADx categorization.

<p>Two lesions with incorrect clinical diagnoses but correct CAD system categorization. (A) Basal cell carcinoma. A skin nodule with variegated color. The clinical impression was a benign epidermal cyst. (B) Intradermal nevus. An asymmetric pigmented nodule with an irregular border. The clinical impression was malignant melanoma.</p

Demographic data for each histological diagnosis and the performance of dermatologists and CADx.

1<p>N: number of images.</p>2<p>Indeterminate diagnoses by dermatologists were considered as incorrect. The diagnoses by CADx were made using the final 16-feature model with a cutoff value 0.3972.</p>*<p>Non-melanocytic skin lesions.</p