Correlations of retinol-binding protein 4 (ng/ml) with anthropometric and metabolic outcomes associated with the type of sugar-sweetened beverage consumed by adolescents.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; HSD, hand-shaken sugar-containing drink; BSD, bottled sugar-containing drink; <i>r</i>, correlation coefficient;</p>*<p>, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>a<p>HSD is only sweetened with HFCS, and BSD is sweetened with sucrose and/or HFCS.</p

Multivariate-adjusted differences^a in anthropometric and metabolic parameters associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescents.

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: aDiff., adjusted difference; SE, standard error; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RBP4, retinol-binding protein 4;</p>*<p>, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>a<p>Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, study area, physical activity, total calories, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking. Non-drinkers were the reference group.</p>b<p>Adjusted means reflect the estimated predictions when covariates were set as mean values.</p>c<p>Overweight (BMI≥24 to <27 kg/m²) and obesity (BMI≥27 kg/m²) are determined according to the criteria defined by the Department of Health, Executive Yuan of Taiwan.</p

Demographic, dietary and physical factors associated with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage in adolescents.

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; HSD, hand-shaken sugar-containing drink; BSD, bottled sugar-containing drink;</p>*<p>, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>a<p><i>P</i> for mean or proportion difference across the user groups of sugar-sweetened beverages.</p>b<p>Data are presented as mean±SD.</p

Interactive effects of the type of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumed, overweight/obesity and hyperuricemia on: (A) serum triglyceride (TG) and (B) retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels.

<p><b>Note:</b> SSB groups were classified as non-intake, high-fructose corn syrup-containing drinks (HFCS drink) and sucrose/HFCS-mixed sugar-containing drinks (Mixed-sugar drink). Overweight (BMI≥24 to <27 kg/m²) and obesity (BMI≥27 kg/m²) are determined according to the criteria defined by the Department of Health, Executive Yuan of Taiwan. The multivariate-adjusted means were obtained using a linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, study area, physical activity, total calories, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking, and where appropriate, the levels of serum uric acid and body mass index (BMI). * denotes a significant adjusted-mean difference as compared to the reference mean (<i>P</i><0.05). ??? denotes a significant interaction effect on RBP4 levels that was detected among adolescents with overweight/obesity and consuming HFCS drinks (<i>P</i> for interaction = 0.037). The waist circumference was 67.7 and 68.0 cm for non-drinkers, 66.4 and 83.8 cm for HFCS drinkers, and 90.4 and 85.3 cm for mixed-sugar drinkers with a BMI<24 and ≥24 kg/m², respectively.</p

Multivariate-adjusted differences in triglyceride and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) associated with the type and amount of sugar-sweetened beverage consumed by adolescents.

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: aDiff., adjusted difference; HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; HSD, hand-shaken sugar-containing drink; BSD, bottled sugar-containing drink;</p>*<p>, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>a<p>Model I was adjusted for age, gender, study area, physical activity, total calories, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking.</p>b<p>Model IIA: Model I was additionally adjusted for body mass index. Model IIB: Model I was additionally adjusted for uric acid.</p>c<p>Effect change (EC) associated with the inclusion of an additional covariate into model I.</p>d<p>HSD is only sweetened with HFCS, and BSD is sweetened with sucrose and/or HFCS.</p>e<p><i>P</i> values for dose-response trends were obtained based on the groups of non-drinkers, 1–500 ml/day and >500 ml/day drinkers.</p

Multivariate-adjusted differences in triglyceride and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) associated with the type of sugar-sweetened beverage consumed by adolescents.

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: aDiff., adjusted difference; HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; HSD, hand-shaken sugar-containing drink; BSD, bottled sugar-containing drink;</p>*<p>, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>a<p>Model I was adjusted for age, gender, study area, physical activity, total calories, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking.</p>b<p>Model II: Model I was additionally adjusted for body mass index. Model III: Model II was additionally adjusted for uric acid.</p>c<p>HSD is only sweetened with HFCS, and BSD is sweetened with sucrose and/or HFCS.</p