National income and fishery consumption: a global investigation

We apply the panel unit root tests, heterogeneous panel co-integration analysis, and panel-based error correction models (ECM) to examine the long-term co-integrated relationship between national income and fishery consumption in a panel of 101 countries for the period 1970–2006. In addition, we utilise a panel dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model, to assess the effect of national income on fish consumption, and vice versa. Our empirical results provide clear support for a positive long-term co-integrated relationship between national income and fishery consumption after allowing for a heterogeneous country effect. Further, we display a bi-directional causality among these variables via the dynamic panel-based ECM in the long-term, and demonstrate that fish is a common food. Finally, our full sample is divided into developed, developing, southern hemisphere countries (SHC) and northern hemisphere countries (NHC) to discover the broader effect of income on fish consumption if any, and vice versa, among different levels of economic development and diverse regions. This facilitates our understanding and provides more insight into the characteristic of fishery among different levels of economic–geography conditions. We propose fishery policy recommendations through our findings

(E)-Methyl N′-(3-methoxy­benzyl­idene)hydrazinecarboxyl­ate

The title compound, C10H12N2O3, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit which differ in the orientation of the meth­oxy group. Each independent mol­ecule adopts a trans configuration with respect to the C=N bond. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into chains running along [001] by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition, an inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­action is observed

9-Chloro­methyl-9-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)meth­yl]-9H-fluorene

In the title compound, C28H21Cl, the dihedral angle between the two fluorene ring systems is 71.97 (4)°. There is an intra­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bond. In the crystal structure, the centroid-to-centroid distance between stacked fluorene ring systems is ca 4.22 Å, which indicates that there are no π–π stacking inter­actions between them

THE IMPACTS OF GOVERNMENT R&D EXPENDITURE ON INNOVATION IN CHINESE PROVINCES: WHAT’S THE ROLE OF CORRUPTION

This study aims to investigate the moderating role of corruption on the effect of government R&D expenditure on enterprise innovation in China, using the annually data over the period 2002-2013 in a panel of 30 provinces. A dynamic panel system GMM model was used to explore the relationship among government R&D expenditure, corruption, and innovation. Our finding shows that though government R&D expenditure has no significant effects on patent applications, it does exhibit significantly positive effects on patents granted. However, when considering official corruption, the interaction term of government R&D expenditure and corruption has a statistically significantly positive effect on patent applications and patents granted, with corruption presenting significantly positive effects on the ratio of the number of patents granted to patent applications. It demonstrates that corruption is still a shortcut for overcoming red tapes and administrative intervention, especially in an economy in transition with lower institution quality and anti-corruption

Prediction Primary Available Blend Biodiesel of Waste Oil from Aurantiochytrium sp. for General Diesel Engines

Chemical and enzyme transesterification were compared by discussing preliminary transesterification of waste oil of Aurantiochytrium sp., which was then used in transesterification for the primary available blend biodiesel for a general diesel engine in this study. We made progress on the winterized characteristics of the waste oil’s biodiesel of Aurantiochytrium sp. and its biodiesel, which included the reactivity parameters and properties. This approach led to the development of a novel idea for the evaluation of kinetic parameters of winterization, along with obtaining the suitable operation and storage conditions of biodiesel. Therefore, the waste oil of Aurantiochytrium sp. could be developed for biodiesel production and successfully made into a suitable blend diesel. Overall, we acquired the best condition of mixtures and the highly mixed rate of petrodiesel: biodiesel = 80 : 20 (activation energy of winterization 21.32 kJ/mol; onset temperature of winterization -4.15 °C; heat of combustion 43.15 MJ/kg; kinematic viscosity 3.51 mm2/s; flash point 67.5 °C), which was an appropriate blend biodiesel from the waste oil’s biodiesel of Aurantiochytrium sp.