Graphic summary of the ability of each compound to activate HIV within each cell model: (A) primary CD4 T cell models and patient cell outgrowth assay (QVOA), and (B) J-Lat T cell line clones.

<p>Each compound and concentration tested is listed on the X-axis. In the primary CD4 cell models, each compound was tested using cells from 2, 3 or 4 different donors and in duplicate or triplicate with cells from each donor (See <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003834#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a> Section for details). For the QVOA, results from the limiting dilution cultures from 3 patients were pooled to calculate one common IUPM (infectious units per million cells) value which was then normalized to that obtained with PHA. With the J-Lat clones, experiments were performed in triplicate. Asterisks represent “not done”.</p

List of stimuli used in this study and their corresponding signaling pathways.

<p>List of stimuli used in this study and their corresponding signaling pathways.</p

Heatmap visualization of the ability of each compound to activate HIV within each model when excluding (A) and including (B) data from the QVOA model.

<p>A reduced set of compounds was analyzed in (<b>B</b>) since not every compound was run at every concentration in the QVOA. The clustergram at the left of each heatmap reflects the relationships between compounds based on their ability to activate HIV across compounds. Since cells in all models responded to PHA with high strength, ranking was normalized within each model to the response to PHA at 10 µg/mL and, therefore, all models display in the heatmap the same relative responsiveness to this treatment. The clustergram at the top of each heatmap reflects the relationship between each model based on their response to compounds. Clustergrams were created by calculating Euclidean distances and then clustering distances using the average linkage method. The numbers at the nodes of clusters are AU p-values where 95% represents a <i>p</i>-value cut-off of 0.05 and only values 95% or greater are depicted. Red cells in the heatmaps reflect HIV activation whereas blue or blank cells indicate that the compound did not effectively activate HIV.</p