Model clinical data comparison.

<p>(Comparison between resistance at a flow rate of 0.17 L/s in the central airways model from CT data and the complete (parent) airways model with clinical data. Top row shows central airways, bottom row shows complete (parent) airways. Panels A & B show comparison of resistance with GINA Class, in both cases statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001) differences were observed between resistances in healthy and severe (GINA 3–5) ashthmatics. Panels C & D show correlation between resistances and patient FEV1. In both cases moderate statistically significant correlations were observed (central: <i>ρ</i> = −0.52, <i>p</i> < 0.01, complete (parent): <i>ρ</i> = −0.64, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Panels E & F show correlation between resistances and FEV1/FVC. A mild statistically signifcant correlation was observed with airways resistance in the complete (parent) model: <i>ρ</i> = −0.56, <i>p</i> < 0.01). In all panels colour indicates patient GINA classification (Green: Healthy, Blue: GINA 1–2, Red: GINA 3–5). In panels C-F the solid line is a logarithmic regression (C-D) or linear regression (E-F) and the dashed lines are 95% confidence intervals for the regression. Regression coefficients were (C: Intercept (b) = -0.018, Slope (a) = 0.0035, D: b = 0.046, a = -0.038, E: b = 0.079, a = -0.041, F: b = 0.12, a = -0.12.</p

Flow resistance in imaging and generated portions of the airway tree.

<p>Analysis of contribution of the central and generated airways to total airflow resistance in the airway trees. Panels A and B show a kernel density plot of the fraction of total airflow resistance in the complete conducting models contributed by the algorithmically generated airways using Poiseuille resistance (A) and resistance at the high flow rate (1.67 L/s), colour indicates patient GINA classification (Green: Healthy, Blue: GINA 1–2, Red: GINA 3–5). A mean of 66% (Poiseuille resistance) to 44% (high flow rate) can be attributed to the generated airways. Similar plots for each of the individual groups are shown in Fig B in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144105#pone.0144105.s001" target="_blank">S1 File</a>.</p

The effects of AH6809, epithelial wounding and pertussis toxin on epithelial-dependent inhibition of HLMC histamine secretion n = 4 HLMC donors, mean ± SEM ng/10⁶ cells.

<p>(p<0.05*, p<0.01**, P<0.001***, ns = not significant).</p

Representative flow resistance at different flow rates in three of the patient based models.

<p>Top row shows the contribution of each generation in the complete (parent) conducting airway models to the total airways resistance at the different tested flow rates. Three representative models are shown in the healthy (A), GINA 1–2 (C) and GINA 3–5 (F) groups. Bottom row shows the corresponding airway radii in each generation in each of the three representative models (Healthy (D), GINA1–2 (E), GINA 3–5 (F)). Error bars show standard deviation of the radii within a generation.</p

Model development.

<p>(a) An example cross-sectional slice through one of the CT images. (b) Central airways segmented from the same CT image. The segmentation consists of a centreline and minimum radius information, but is rendered as a series of tubes. The tubes are colour coded by the airway radius (see scale bar below (d)). (c) Lobar segmentations, a distinct colour is used for each lobe. (d) The complete conducting airway tree generated using the segmentations shown and the parent airway radius scheme. The tree is colour coded by airway radius (see scale bar).</p

LC-MS calibration curve for triplicate injections of resolvin D1 standard with a linear regression best fit line.

<p>Integrated peak area refers to the 375.2 → 141.2 ion pair.</p

Constitutive (16 h) and IgE-dependent (30 min) HLMC histamine secretion in monoculture and in the presence of BEAS-2B cells, either in contact or on either side of a Transwell membrane (BEAS-2B on the underside of the membrane, HLMC on the upperside of the membrane).

<p>Mean ± SEM ng/10⁶ cells (N = 3 HLMC donors).</p

Constitutive (16 h) and IgE-dependent (30 min) HLMC histamine secretion in monoculture or in the presence of BEAS-2B cells separated by a Transwell membrane (HLMC in the bottom chamber, BEAS-2B in the top chamber).

<p>Retained cell histamine content prior to activation is also shown. n = 7 HLMC donors. Mean ± SEM ng/10⁶ cells.</p

The effects of lipoxin A4, resolvin D1 and resolvin D2 on HLMC IgE-dependent degranulation.

<p>Mean ± SEM from 7 HLMC donors. p<0.001 for all mediators (repeated measures ANOVA).</p

Clinical and sputum characteristics of patients categorized according to GINA.

<p>GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma; BD: bronchodilator; LABA: long-acting bronchodilator; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in one second; TCC: total cell counts; BDP: beclomethasone dipropionate; PC₂₀FEV₁: provocative concentration of methacholine to induce a 20% decrease in FEV1;</p><p>*mean (SE);</p>†<p>geometric mean (95% CI);</p>‡<p>median (IQR);</p><p>**<i>P</i><0.05 compared to control.</p