Schematic representation of RSV SEIRS model with two age groups.

<p>(SEIRS)₁ represents those aged less than 2 years and (SEIRS)₂ represents those aged 2 years or more.</p

Weekly number of specimens tested and found positive for RSV in metropolitan Western Australian children aged less than 2 years from January 2000 to December 2005.

<p>Weekly number of specimens tested and found positive for RSV in metropolitan Western Australian children aged less than 2 years from January 2000 to December 2005.</p

Observed RSV identifications in those aged less than 2 years and the fitted SEIRS model.

<p>The parameters used in the model are α = 0.65; δ = 0.65; <b>γ</b> = 1/1.4; and σ = 1/0.57, producing a fit statistic of F = 89.5751.</p

Sensitivity analysis of the fit statistic and fitted transmission parameters for varying duration of immunity and infectious period.

<p>The assumed values of the parameters are α = 0.65; δ = 0.65; <b>γ</b> = 1/1.4; and σ = 1/0.57 unless otherwise varied, as indicated in the table.</p

Hospital admissions for skin infections among Western Australian children and adolescents from 1996 to 2012

<div><p>The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of skin infection associated hospitalizations in children born in Western Australia (WA). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all children born in WA between 1996 and 2012 (n = 469,589). Of these, 31,348 (6.7%) were Aboriginal and 240,237 (51.2%) were boys. We report the annual age-specific hospital admission rates by geographical location and diagnostic category. We applied log-linear regression modelling to analyse changes in temporal trends of hospitalizations. Hospitalization rates for skin infections in Aboriginal children (31.7/1000 child-years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 31.0–32.4) were 15.0 times higher (95% CI 14.5–15.5; P<0.001) than those of non-Aboriginal children (2.1/1000 child-years; 95% CI 2.0–2.1). Most admissions in Aboriginal children were due to abscess, cellulitis and scabies (84.3%), while impetigo and pyoderma were the predominant causes in non-Aboriginal children (97.7%). Admissions declined with age, with the highest rates for all skin infections observed in infants. Admissions increased with remoteness. Multiple admissions were more common in Aboriginal children. Excess admissions in Aboriginal children were observed during the wet season in the Kimberley and during summer in metropolitan areas. Our study findings show that skin infections are a significant cause of severe disease, requiring hospitalization in Western Australian children, with Aboriginal children at a particularly high risk. Improved community-level prevention of skin infections and the provision of effective primary care are crucial in reducing the burden of skin infection associated hospitalizations. The contribution of sociodemographic and environmental risk factors warrant further investigation.</p></div

Age-specific hospitalisations in Western Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children discharged with a principal and/or additional diagnosis of skin infections, 1996–2012.

<p>Age-specific hospitalisations in Western Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children discharged with a principal and/or additional diagnosis of skin infections, 1996–2012.</p

Determination of the model R_o from the SOPS epidemic curve.

<p>The number of observed and likely daily influenza cases (based on a pilgrims reported symptom onset date) at the SOPS clinic compared to the number of daily cases when decisions are made on the combination of the SOPS Outbreak case definition and a POCT result and using different R_o values. The likely epidemic curve represents the observed cases and the additional cases that would have resulted if all individuals presenting were tested. The R_o values are modeled on a closed population of 242 (the number of pilgrims presenting to the SOPS clinic) and 6000 (the minimum number of pilgrims accommodated at the SOPS).</p

The impact of PCR TAT on the number of influenza cases averted.

<p>The percentage of influenza cases averted at day 17 based on PCR TAT in combination with either the presence of coryza or the CDC case definition compared to no intervention. The dotted lines represent the percentage of cases averted for the combination of the presence of coryza or the CDC case definition and a POCT. (With isolation of patients only after the receipt of a positive PCR result).</p

Admission rates for skin infection in Western Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, by socioeconomic status, 1996–2012.

<p>Admission rates for skin infection in Western Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, by socioeconomic status, 1996–2012.</p

Hospital admissions for skin infections^* in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children born in WA between 1996–2012, by age and WA region of residence.

<p>Hospital admissions for skin infections^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188803#t004fn004" target="_blank">*</a>} in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children born in WA between 1996–2012, by age and WA region of residence.</p