Appendix B. A table showing descriptive statistics for nutrient concentrations in green and senesced leaves.

A table showing descriptive statistics for nutrient concentrations in green and senesced leaves

Maps of study area.

<p>Shapefile reprinted from GADM database under a CC BY license, with permission from Global Administrative Areas (<a href="http://www.gadm.org/" target="_blank">www.gadm.org</a>). The figure was made with ArcGIS 10.3 under a CC BY license, with permission from ESRI (<a href="http://www.esri.com/" target="_blank">www.esri.com</a>).</p

Patch metrics selected for spatiotemporal analysis.

<p>Patch metrics selected for spatiotemporal analysis.</p

Changes in mean values of the patch metrics at different buffer zones over three time periods.

<p>The changes in each patch metric across the three time periods was computed as the Difference in spatial metric i = Spatial metric i (t₂)–Spatial metric i (t₁). For a given patch metric, an increase in its value from time one (t₁) to time two (t₂) leads to a positive difference and a decrease in its value from t₁ to t₂ results in a negative difference.</p

Percentages of infilling, edge expansion, and spontaneous growth areas and their percentage number of patches in the three time periods for Hanoi City.

<p>Percentages of infilling, edge expansion, and spontaneous growth areas and their percentage number of patches in the three time periods for Hanoi City.</p

Hypothetical sequence of the spatial evolution of an urban area.

<p>Hypothetical sequence of the spatial evolution of an urban area.</p

Annual growth rates of built-up area across different buffer zones.

<p>Annual growth rates of built-up area across different buffer zones.</p

Three urban growth types.

<p>(a) Infilling growth which occurs within urbanized open space and increases contiguity of built-up area by filling in that space; (b) Edge expansion which refers to non-infill development intersecting the urban footprint and extending outward from previous development; and, (c) Spontaneous growth which neither intersects the urban footprint nor is contiguous with previously developed areas and has greatest effect on fragmentation of open lands.</p

Percentages of infilling, edge expansion and spontaneous growth areas and their percentage number of patches in three time periods for twelve buffer zones.

<p>Percentages of infilling, edge expansion and spontaneous growth areas and their percentage number of patches in three time periods for twelve buffer zones.</p

Hanoi mapped by changes in built-up areas over time across the 5 km buffers from the city center.

<p>Shapefile reprinted from GADM database under a CC BY license, with permission from Global Administrative Areas (<a href="http://www.gadm.org/" target="_blank">www.gadm.org</a>). The figure was made with ArcGIS 10.3 under a CC BY license, with permission from ESRI (<a href="http://www.esri.com/" target="_blank">www.esri.com</a>).</p