Ecological characteristics of the four categories of wild apple trees in the Erstein forest.

<p>Ecological characteristics of the four categories of wild apple trees in the Erstein forest.</p

Population structure of <i>Malus sylvestris</i> (<i>N</i> = 246, 6 populations across the Rhine Valley), inferred with the Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in STRUCTURE.

<p>Each individual is represented by a vertical bar, partitioned into <i>K</i> segments representing the proportions of ancestry of its genome corresponding to <i>K</i> clusters.</p

Map of the sampling populations in the Rhine Valley, France.

<p>Map of the sampling populations in the Rhine Valley, France.</p

Wild apple tree with a reiterated trunk, Erstein forest (photo Annik Schnitzler).

<p>Wild apple tree with a reiterated trunk, Erstein forest (photo Annik Schnitzler).</p

DBH distribution for the six populations of the Rhine valley, France.

<p>DBH distribution for the six populations of the Rhine valley, France.</p

Summary of genetic variation within each population.

<p>N: Number of individuals per populations, ASS Self Pop: percentage of individuals assigned to its own population (Paetkau test), <i>H_O</i> and <i>H_E</i>: observed and expected heterozygosities, respectively, <i>F_IS</i>: inbreeding coefficient, <i>A_r</i>: allelic richness averaged across loci, estimated by rarefaction using a standardized sample size of 4, *: <i>P</i>-value<0.001.</p

Healthy wild apple tree with a straight, upright trunk, Erstein forest (photo Annik Schnitzler).

<p>Healthy wild apple tree with a straight, upright trunk, Erstein forest (photo Annik Schnitzler).</p

Altitude, geographical locations and surfaces of the six study populations in the RhineValley.

<p>Altitude, geographical locations and surfaces of the six study populations in the RhineValley.</p