Hepatic gene expression in Wistar male rats after three weeks of treatment.

<p>Hepatic gene expression in Wistar male rats after three weeks of treatment.</p

Hepatic β-oxidation and enzyme activities involved in lipid catabolism in male Wistar rats after three weeks of treatment.

<p>(A) Total β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA in liver; (B) Total β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA with addition of malonyl-CoA in liver; (C) Enzyme activity of acyl-CoA synthetase; (D) Enzyme activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 2; (E) Enzyme activity of 3-ketothiolase; (F) Enzyme activity of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD); (G) Enzyme activity of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX); (H) Enzyme activity of citrate synthase. Values are shown as means ± SD (n = 6–8). One-Way ANOVA with p<0.05 was followed by Fisher LSD to determine significant difference between all three groups: Different letters above bars indicate significant difference between group mean values, p<0.05; same letters above bars indicate no significant difference between group mean values p>0.05. C–Control, M–Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight), MT–combination of Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight) and 1-triple TTA (100 mg/ kg body weight).</p

Hepatic energy parameters in male Wistar rats after three weeks of treatment.

<p>(A) Energy charge (ATP + 0.5 ADP)/(AMP + ADP + ATP). (B) Ratio of AMP and ATP. Values are shown as mean ± SD (n = 6–8). One-Way ANOVA with p<0.05 was followed by Fisher LSD to determine significant difference between all three groups: Different letters above bars indicate significant difference between group mean values, p<0.05; same letters above bars indicate no significant difference between group mean values p>0.05. C–Control, M–Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight), MT–combination of Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight) and 1-triple TTA (100 mg/ kg body weight).</p

Plasma levels of carnitine derivatives and carnitine precursors in male Wistar rats after three weeks of treatment.

<p><b>A.</b> Plasma L-carnitine; <b>B.</b> Plasma acetylcarnitine; <b>C.</b> Plasma γ-butyrobetaine; <b>D.</b> Plasma trimethyllysine; <b>E.</b> Protein expression of carnitine translocase (CACT). Values are shown as mean ± SD (n = 6–8). One-Way ANOVA with p<0.05 was followed by Fisher LSD to determine significant difference between all three groups. Different letters above bars indicate significant difference between group mean values, p<0.05; same letters above bars indicate no significant difference between group mean values p>0.05. C–Control, M–Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight), MT–combination of Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight) and 1-triple TTA (100 mg/ kg body weight).</p

Hepatic enzyme activities involved in lipid anabolism in male Wistar rats after three weeks of treatment.

<p>(A) Enzyme activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). (B) Enzyme activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS). (C) Enzyme activity of citrate-ATP lyase. (D) Enzyme activity of glycerol-3-phosphate transferase (GPAT). Values are shown as mean± SD (n = 6–8). One-Way ANOVA with p<0.05 was followed by Fisher LSD to determine significant difference between all three groups: Different letters above bars indicate significant difference between group mean values, p<0.05; same letters above bars indicate no significant difference between group mean values p>0.05. C–Control, M–Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight), MT–combination of Mildronate (550 mg/kg body weight) and 1-triple TTA (100 mg/ kg body weight).</p

Plasma and liver lipids in male Wistar rats after three weeks of treatment.

<p>Plasma and liver lipids in male Wistar rats after three weeks of treatment.</p