25 research outputs found
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Undoing chemical industry lock-ins: polyvinyl chloride and green chemistry
We examine polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as one example of the ethical challenges that the chemical industry faces when putting green chemistry into practice. Green chemistry has emerged as a powerful new philosophy for designing molecules, reactions, and products to be intrinsically non-toxic and sustainable. We consider three issues: Should the chemical industry overcome the inertia of path dependent technologies and introduce safer, more sustainable technologies? What will motivate companies and their employees to practice green chemistry under conditions where changing technologies and businesses can create substantial economic, market, and technical risks? How should the precautionary principle be applied in terms of the real-world complexities of manufacturing chemicals? To do so, we look at examples of environmental and health harms in the feedstock and PVC manufacturing lifecycle stages, along with green chemistry solutions that could be employed. PVC suggests how difficult it could be to adopt green chemistry solutions; nonetheless, these solutions may make significant contributions across the chemical industry generally
The Hawk's Nest Incident: America's Worst Industrial Disaster. By Martin Cherniak. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986. x + 193 pp. Maps, illustrations, charts, tables, appendixes, notes, bibliography, and index. $19.95.
Coal Firms under the New Social Regulation. By Richard A. Harris. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1985. x + 188 pp. Tables, references, and index. $30.00.)
Urban Sprawl, Global Warming, and the Empire of Capital. By George A. Gonzalez. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009. vii +162 pp. Bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, $60.00. ISBN: 978-0-791-49389-2.
Cleaning Up the Great Lakes: From Cooperation to Confrontation. By Terence Kehoe Ā· Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997. xi + 250 pp. Maps, photographs, notes, bibliography, and index. $32.00. ISBN 0875802257.
Martin V. Melosi, The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present.
The Parameters of Urban Fiscal Policy: Sociecinomic Change and Political Culture in San Francisco, 1860ā1906. By Terrence J. McDonald. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Pp. xvii, 356.
An oasis in a watery desert? Discourses on an industrial ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico RigsātoāReefs program
Image_7_Methods for Measuring Swallowing Pressure Variability Using High-Resolution Manometry.JPEG
<p>Any movement performed repeatedly will be executed with inter-trial variability. Oropharyngeal swallowing is a complex sensorimotor action, and swallow-to-swallow variability can have consequences that impact swallowing safety. Our aim was to determine an appropriate method to measure swallowing pressure waveform variability. An ideal variability metric must be sensitive to known deviations in waveform amplitude, duration, and overall shape, without being biased by waveforms that have both positive and sub-atmospheric pressure profiles. Through systematic analysis of model waveforms, we found a coefficient of variability (CV) parameter on waveforms adjusted such that the overall mean was 0 to be best suited for swallowing pressure variability analysis. We then investigated pharyngeal swallowing pressure variability using high-resolution manometry data from healthy individuals to assess impacts of waveform alignment, pharyngeal region, and number of swallows investigated. The alignment that resulted in the lowest overall swallowing pressure variability was when the superior-most sensor in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) reached half its maximum pressure. Pressures in the tongue base region of the pharynx were least variable and pressures in the hypopharynx region were most variable. Sets of 3ā10 consecutive swallows had no overall difference in variability, but sets of two swallows resulted in significantly less variability than the other dataset sizes. This study identified variability in swallowing pressure waveform shape throughout the pharynx in healthy adults; we discuss implications for swallowing motor control.</p