Measuring the Adhesion Forces for the Multivalent Binding of Vancomycin-Conjugated Dendrimer to Bacterial Cell-Wall Peptide

Multivalent ligand–receptor interaction provides the fundamental basis for the hypothetical notion that high binding avidity relates to the strong force of adhesion. Despite its increasing importance in the design of targeted nanoconjugates, an understanding of the physical forces underlying the multivalent interaction remains a subject of urgent investigation. In this study, we designed three vancomycin (Van)-conjugated dendrimers G5­(Van)_<i>n</i> (<i>n</i> = mean valency = 0, 1, 4) for bacterial targeting with generation 5 (G5) poly­(amidoamine) dendrimer as a multivalent scaffold and evaluated both their binding avidity and physical force of adhesion to a bacterial model surface by employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The SPR experiment for these conjugates was performed in a biosensor chip surface immobilized with a bacterial cell-wall peptide Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala. Of these, G5­(Van)₄ bound most tightly with a <i>K</i>_D of 0.34 nM, which represents an increase in avidity by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude relative to a monovalent conjugate G5­(Van)₁ or free vancomycin, respectively. By single-molecule force spectroscopy, we measured the adhesion force between G5­(Van)_<i>n</i> and the same cell-wall peptide immobilized on the surface. The distribution of adhesion forces increased in proportion to vancomycin valency with the mean force of 134 pN at <i>n</i> = 4 greater than 96 pN at <i>n</i> = 1 at a loading rate of 5200 pN/s. In summary, our results are strongly supportive of the positive correlation between the avidity and adhesion force in the multivalent interaction of vancomycin nanoconjugates

Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for opioids use and OUD.

Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for opioids use and OUD.</p

Sociodemographic characteristics of the <i>All of Us</i> Research Program among participants who completed lifestyle survey and shared their EHR data.

Prevalence (%) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) of opioids use and OUD in the All of Us Research Program among groups of gender, age, race/ethnicity, country of origin, and region of residence.</p