Spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) based on frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups.

<p>The first two global components, sPC1 (a) and sPC2 (b), are depicted. Positive values are represented by black square; negative values are represented by white squares; the size of the square is proportional to the absolute value of sPC scores.</p

Age estimates (in YBP) of STR and HVS variation for the most common haplogroups in the Italian data set.

<p>Standard deviation (SD) estimator (Sengupta et al. 2006) and ñ statistic calculator (Soares et al. 2009) were used for Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroups respectively. Ages were estimated for the entire haplogroups as well as for each DAPC cluster with at least 10 individuals and frequencies >70% in NWI, SEI, or SAR (excepted for G-P15, cluster 2, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065441#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a>).</p

Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) for G2a-P15 haplotypes.

<p>Samples are grouped according to their affiliation at the sPCA-identified groups (NWI; SEI; SAR; symbols in the top right table). The table in the bottom left shows the number of haplotypes in each of the five G2a clusters and their geographical distribution in the three Italian areas. DAPC eigenvalues are depicted in the enclosed barplot.</p

Table1_Unravelling the determinants of human health in French Polynesia: the MATAEA project.docx

BackgroundFrench Polynesia is a French overseas collectivity in the Southeast Pacific, comprising 75 inhabited islands across five archipelagoes. The human settlement of the region corresponds to the last massive migration of humans to empty territories, but its timeline is still debated. Despite their recent population history and geographical isolation, inhabitants of French Polynesia experience health issues similar to those of continental countries. Modern lifestyles and increased longevity have led to a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Likewise, international trade and people mobility have caused the emergence of communicable diseases (CDs) including mosquito-borne and respiratory diseases. Additionally, chronic pathologies including acute rheumatic fever, liver diseases, and ciguatera, are highly prevalent in French Polynesia. However, data on such diseases are scarce and not representative of the geographic fragmentation of the population.ObjectivesThe present project aims to estimate the prevalence of several NCDs and CDs in the population of the five archipelagoes, and identify associated risk factors. Moreover, genetic analyses will contribute to determine the sequence and timings of the peopling history of French Polynesia, and identify causal links between past genetic adaptation to island environments, and present-day susceptibility to certain diseases.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey is based on the random selection of 2,100 adults aged 18–69 years and residing on 18 islands from the five archipelagoes. Each participant answered a questionnaire on a wide range of topics (including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and medical history), underwent physical measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, arterial pressure, and skin pigmentation), and provided biological samples (blood, saliva, and stool) for biological, genetic and microbiological analyses.ConclusionFor the first time in French Polynesia, the present project allows to collect a wide range of data to explore the existence of indicators and/or risk factors for multiple pathologies of public health concern. The results will help health authorities to adapt actions and preventive measures aimed at reducing the incidence of NCDs and CDs. Moreover, the new genomic data generated in this study, combined with anthropological data, will increase our understanding of the peopling history of French Polynesia.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT06133400.</p