PBRM1 Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Metabolism and Cell Adhesion in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

<div><p>Polybromo-1 (PBRM1) is a component of the PBAF (Polybromo-associated-BRG1- or BRM-associated factors) chromatin remodeling complex and is the second most frequently mutated gene in clear-cell renal cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Mutation of PBRM1 is believed to be an early event in carcinogenesis, however its function as a tumor suppressor is not understood. In this study, we have employed Next Generation Sequencing to profile the differentially expressed genes upon PBRM1 re-expression in a cellular model of ccRCC. PBRM1 re-expression led to upregulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, carbohydrate metabolism, apoptotic process and response to hypoxia, and a downregulation of genes involved in different stages of cell division. The decrease in cellular proliferation upon PBRM1 re-expression was confirmed, validating the functional role of PBRM1 as a tumor suppressor in a cell-based model. In addition, we identified a role for PBRM1 in regulating metabolic pathways known to be important for driving ccRCC, including the regulation of hypoxia response genes, PI3K signaling, glucose uptake, and cholesterol homeostasis. Of particular novelty is the identification of cell adhesion as a major downstream process uniquely regulated by PBRM1 expression. Cytoskeletal reorganization was induced upon PBRM1 reexpression as evidenced from the increase in the number of cells displaying cortical actin, a hallmark of epithelial cells. Genes involved in cell adhesion featured prominently in our transcriptional dataset and overlapped with genes uniquely regulated by PBRM1 in clinical specimens of ccRCC. Genes involved in cell adhesion serve as tumor suppressor and maybe involved in inhibiting cell migration. Here we report for the first time genes linked to cell adhesion serve as downstream targets of PBRM1, and hope to lay the foundation of future studies focusing on the role of chromatin remodelers in bringing about these alterations during malignancies.</p></div

Downregulation of genes involved in cell proliferation upon PBRM1 re-expression.

<p>(A) Validating relative expression of genes regulating cell cycle (identified in RNA_seq data) in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells by qRTPCR. A designation of * = P < 0.05 (paired Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 3 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. (B) Percentage of cells in different stages of cell cycle (G1, S and G2) determined by flow cytometric analysis. A designation of * = P < 0.05 (paired Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 3 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m.</p

Summary of differentially expressed genes in Caki2 cells upon PBRM1 reexpression.

<p>(A) Hierarchical Cluster Dendrogram of Caki2+Vector and Caki2+PBRM1 samples sequenced. (B) GO Biological Processes enriched by genes upregulated upon PBRM1 reexpression. (C) GO Biological Processes enriched by genes downregulated upon PBRM1 reexpression.</p

Presence of PBRM1 resulted in decreased proliferation rate of ccRCC cells.

<p>Cellular proliferation rate was monitored in (A) Caki1 and (B) A498 with either control knockdown or PBRM1 knockdown, as well as (C) Caki2 and (D) A704 with either control vectors or PBRM1 re-expression vectors. Both cell lines were treated with ethanol or doxycycline to control for cell line variation or doxycycline effects. n = 8 independent biological replicate experiments. P < 0.0001 (****) (two-way ANOVA test) between PBRM1 re-expression cell lines treated with ethanol (EtOH) or Doxycycline (Dox) at day 11. Error bars represent s.e.m.</p

Alteration of metabolism upon PBRM1 re-expression.

<p>(A) Relative expression of genes regulating hypoxic response in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells subjected to normoxic and hypoxic (0.5% O₂) conditions. A designation of * indicates p < 0.05 (Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 3 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. (B) Validating relative expression of genes regulating primary metabolic processes (identified in RNA_seq data) in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells by qRTPCR. (C) Determination of glucose uptake in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells. A designation of **** indicates p < 0.0001 (paired Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 5 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. (D) Immunoblot of IGFBP3, phosphorylated AKT and unphosphorylated AKT in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells. (E) Semi-quantitative estimation of alteration of cholesteryl esters in Caki2+PBRM1 compared to Caki2-Ø. Bars depicted in blue reverse the differences observed during the progression from normal kidney epithelium to ccRCC and bars depicted in tan compound those differences. A designation of * = P < 0.05 (paired Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 3 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m.</p

Alteration of cell-cell adhesion upon PBRM1-reexpression.

<p>(A) Validating relative expression of genes regulating cell-cell adhesion (identified in RNA_seq data) in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells by qRTPCR. A designation of * indicates p < 0.05 (Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 3 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. (B) Phalloidin staining of F actin (red channel) and DAPI staining of nucleus (blue channel) in Caki2+Vectorand Caki2+PBRM1 cells. A designation of *** indicates p < 0.001 (Fisher’s exact <i>t</i>-test). n = 5 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. (C) <i>In vitro</i> scratch assay illustrating cell migration 24 hours after scratch wound inflection. A designation of * indicates p < 0.05 (Student <i>t</i>-test). n = 8 independent biological replicate experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m.</p

DF-PCA considering only blastocysts.

<p>(<b>a</b>) PC1 vs. PC2 score plot. Green circles: blastocysts <i>in </i><i>vitro</i> (n= 13); red diamonds: blastocysts <i>in </i><i>vivo</i> (n= 8). (<b>b</b>) PC1 vs. PC2 loading plot labeled in terms of <i>m/z</i> ratio (green: negative ion mode; violet: positive ion mode).</p

Representative high resolution DESI-MS mass spectra in the positive ion mode.

<p>(<b>a</b>) immature oocyte; (<b>b</b>) <i>in </i><i>vitro</i> matured oocyte; (<b>c</b>) blastocyst produced <i>in </i><i>vitro</i>; (<b>d</b>) blastocyst produced <i>in </i><i>vivo</i>. See text for basis for tentative lipid class assignments of the major peaks.</p

PCA of the fused datasets from positive and negative ion mode mass spectra.

<p>(<b>a</b>) PC1 vs. PC2 score plot. (<b>b</b>) PC1 vs. PC5 score plot. (<b>c</b>-<b>d</b>) PC1 vs. PC2 (left side) and PC1 vs. PC5 (right side) original loading plots labeled in terms of <i>m/z</i> ratio (green: original negative ion mode dataset; violet: original positive ion mode dataset). Blastocysts produced <i>in </i><i>vitro</i> (green circles, n= 13), blastocysts produced <i>in </i><i>vivo</i> (red diamonds, n= 8), immature oocytes (blue triangles, n= 13) and <i>in </i><i>vitro</i> matured oocytes (violet squares, n= 15).</p

Mass spectrometer MRM parameters optimized for the method.

<p>DP = Declustering Potential; CE = Collision Energy; CXP = Collision Cell Exit Potential; IS = Internal Standard</p><p>Mass spectrometer MRM parameters optimized for the method.</p