From anxiety to insight : the process of formulating a methodology in practice : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy at Massey University

Anthropologists do not have a Methodology that acknowledges their subjective experience during fieldwork, as scientific data. Yet an accurate presentation of Anthropology as a science, depends on inclusion of the person (ality) of the Anthropologist. This anomaly is both, the doorway to the creative element that defines Anthropology as a unique discipline in the Humanities, and the stumbling block of science in the twentieth century. George Devereux, a French Anthropologist and psychotherapist, initially explored the dimensions of this problem in the 1930's. His dual career enabled him to envisage a model, in which the anthropologist's integral part in the fieldwork was acknowledged. Although he recorded the development of this model during fieldwork around 1935, it remained unpublished till 1967, and is still largely unknown in the Humanities. The potential value has yet to be explored in the fieldwork situation. The primary aim of this thesis, is to record the experiential process of formulating a Methodology in the practice of fieldwork, using the key concept Devereux proposed: "the subjectivity inherent in all observation is the road to an authentic, rather than fictitious objectivity".(1967). Within the Scientific tradition, Methodology has been regarded as a prescription for doing fieldwork, rather than a distincitve tool for creating this unique basis of Anthropology. The challenge has been to identify the double bind this causes, between theory and practice, and to present a new approach to Methodology, that offers a practical way of being an Anthropologist. The person whose presence, in the final result, is critical if Anthropology is to reflect what it proposes to explore - the essence of humanity in a scientific manner

Random recursive trees and the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent

We describe a representation of the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent in terms of the cutting of random recursive trees. Using this representation, we prove results concerning the final collision of the coalescent restricted to [n]: we show that the distribution of the number of blocks involved in the final collision converges as n tends to infinity, and obtain a scaling law for the sizes of these blocks. We also consider the discrete-time Markov chain giving the number of blocks after each collision of the coalescent restricted to [n]; we show that the transition probabilities of the time-reversal of this Markov chain have limits as n tends to infinity. These results can be interpreted as describing a ``post-gelation'' phase of the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent, in which a giant cluster containing almost all of the mass has already formed and the remaining small blocks are being absorbed.Comment: 28 pages, 2 figures. Revised version with minor alterations. To appear in Electron. J. Proba

Hopf measuring comonoids and enrichment

We study the existence of universal measuring comonoids $P(A,B)$ for a pair of monoids $A$, $B$ in a braided monoidal closed category, and the associated enrichment of a category of monoids over the monoidal category of comonoids. In symmetric categories, we show that if $A$ is a bimonoid and $B$ is a commutative monoid, then $P(A,B)$ is a bimonoid; in addition, if $A$ is a cocommutative Hopf monoid then $P(A,B)$ always is Hopf. If $A$ is a Hopf monoid, not necessarily cocommutative, then $P(A,B)$ is Hopf if the fundamental theorem of comodules holds; to prove this we give an alternative description of the dualizable $P(A,B)$-comodules and use the theory of Hopf (co)monads. We explore the examples of universal measuring comonoids in vector spaces and graded spaces.Comment: 30 pages. Version 2: re-arrangement of material; expansion of previous section 6, splitting into current sections 6,7,8; fix of graded algebras example, section 11; appendix removed; other minor fixes and edit

Coagulation--fragmentation duality, Poisson--Dirichlet distributions and random recursive trees

In this paper we give a new example of duality between fragmentation and coagulation operators. Consider the space of partitions of mass (i.e., decreasing sequences of nonnegative real numbers whose sum is 1) and the two-parameter family of Poisson--Dirichlet distributions $\operatorname {PD}(\alpha,\theta)$ that take values in this space. We introduce families of random fragmentation and coagulation operators $\mathrm {Frag}_{\alpha}$ and $\mathrm {Coag}_{\alpha,\theta}$, respectively, with the following property: if the input to $\mathrm {Frag}_{\alpha}$ has $\operatorname {PD}(\alpha,\theta)$ distribution, then the output has $\operatorname {PD}(\alpha,\theta+1)$ distribution, while the reverse is true for $\mathrm {Coag}_{\alpha,\theta}$. This result may be proved using a subordinator representation and it provides a companion set of relations to those of Pitman between $\operatorname {PD}(\alpha,\theta)$ and $\operatorname {PD}(\alpha\beta,\theta)$. Repeated application of the $\mathrm {Frag}_{\alpha}$ operators gives rise to a family of fragmentation chains. We show that these Markov chains can be encoded naturally by certain random recursive trees, and use this representation to give an alternative and more concrete proof of the coagulation--fragmentation duality.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/105051606000000655 in the Annals of Applied Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aap/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Regulation of cytochrome P450 mRNA expression in primary porcine hepatocytes by selected secondary plant metabolites from chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) has been shown to induce enzymes of pharmacokinetic relevance (cytochrome P450; CYP). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selected secondary plant metabolites with a global extract of chicory root, on the expression of hepatic CYP mRNA (1A2, 2A19, 2C33, 2D25, 2E1 and 3A29), using primary porcine hepatocytes. Of the tested secondary plant metabolites, artemisinin, scoparone, lactucin and esculetin all induced increased expression of specific CYPs, while esculin showed no effect. In contrast, a global extract of chicory root decreased the expression of CYP1A2, 2C33, 2D25 and 3A29 at high concentrations. The results suggest that purified secondary metabolites from chicory affect CYP expression and thereby might affect detoxification in general, and that global extracts of plants can have effects different from individual components

How Do Teachers Overcome the Perceived Barriers of Using the Universal Design for Learning?

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching that recognizes diversity of learning styles and response preferences. It is offered as an alternative to the one-size-fits-all instructional methods. With UDL, classrooms offer multiple methods or presenting information, intended to resonate with different information processing styles, and also allowing for varied response modalities. The use of UDL is growing in classrooms across the United States. With an increasing emphasis on UDL implementations, there is an increased recognition of teachers\u27 concerns and perceived barriers to its use in their classrooms. This paper reviews different strategies to implement UDL. It has been created from different resources including videos, websites, journal articles, and feedback from current teachers. This paper suggests different ways that teachers can overcome the perceived barriers of using UDL, with specific consideration given to time, knowledge, finances, and training that were identified as the key barriers when applying UDL. As UDL proves to be efficient and beneficial for students, offering them the opportunity to reach their full potential, it will be increasingly important to provide support for their incorporation into learning environment

Influence of Yttrium on the Thermal Stability of Ti-Al-N Thin Films

Ti(1-x)Al(x)N coated tools are commonly used in high-speed machining, where the cutting edge of an end-mill or insert is exposed to temperatures up to 1100 degrees C. Here, we investigate the effect of Yttrium addition on the thermal stability of Ti(1-x)Al(x)N coatings. Reactive DC magnetron sputtering of powder metallurgically prepared Ti(0.50)Al(0.50), Ti(0.49)Al(0.49)Y(0.02), and Ti(0.46)Al(0.46)Y(0.08) targets result in the formation of single-phase cubic (c) Ti(0.45)Al(0.55)N, binary cubic/wurtzite c/w-Ti(0.41)Al(0.57)Y(0.02)N and singe-phase w-Ti(0.38)Al(0.54)Y(0.08)N coatings. Using pulsed DC reactive magnetron sputtering for the Ti(0.49)Al(0.49)Y(0.02) target allows preparing single-phase c-Ti(0.46)Al(0.52)Y(0.02)N coatings. By employing thermal analyses in combination with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy investigations of as deposited and annealed (in He atmosphere) samples, we revealed that Y effectively retards the decomposition of the Ti(1-x-y)Al(x)Y(y)N solid-solution to higher temperatures and promotes the precipitation of c-TiN, c-YN, and w-AlN. Due to their different microstructure and morphology already in the as deposited state, the hardness of the coatings decreases from similar to 35 to 22 GPa with increasing Y-content and increasing wurtzite phase fraction. Highest peak hardness of similar to 38 GPa is obtained for the Y-free c-Ti(0.45)Al(0.55)N coating after annealing at T(a) = 950 degrees C, due to spinodal decomposition. After annealing above 1000 degrees C the highest hardness is obtained for the 2 mol % YN containing c-Ti(0.46)Al(0.52)Y(0.02)N coating with similar to 29 and 28 GPa for T(a) = 1150 and 1200 degrees C, respectively

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the immune system

Journal not available online when checked 02/04/19. DOI: 10.14800/ics.965Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Industrial waste management within manufacturing: a comparative study of tools, policies, visions and concepts

Industrial waste is a key factor when assessing the sustainability of a manufacturing process or company. A multitude of visions, concepts, tools, and policies are used both academically and industrially to improve the environmental effect of manufacturing; a majority of these approaches have a direct bearing on industrial waste. The identified approaches have in this paper been categorised according to application area, goals, organisational entity, life cycle phase, and waste hierarchy stage; the approaches have also been assessed according to academic prevalence, semantic aspects, and overlaps. In many cases the waste management approaches have similar goals and approaches, which cause confusion and disorientation for companies aiming to synthesise their management systems to fit their waste management strategy. Thus, a study was performed on how waste management approaches can be integrated to reach the vision of zero waste in manufacturing