Double Take Project: Using Applied Theatre For Campus Climate Change

Despite research gathered in the Campus Climate Report, I believe that it underrepresented the student experience of the social scene. The document primarily served as an identification tool for four major problems on campus: binge drinking, sexual assault, diversity, and disengagement in the classroom. Double Take Project also identifies similar issues however, this project uses theatrical techniques to gather the anecdotal reality of the student perspective. Double Take Project expands beyond the Campus Climate Report to inspire dialogue in a variety of student-to-student interactions and, more importantly, the project seeks action and solution plans. The social scene dominates our culture and its many issues result in concern for the safety, self-identity, and development of Bucknell students into thriving adults. Double Take Project is rooted in the belief that theatre is a palpable tool for social change. Over the course of many events, Double Take Project has utilized facets of theatre to provide opportunities to voice discontent, widen perception of normalcy on campus, and inspire confidence to act on personal beliefs. The Double Take Project uses many Applied Theatre methods to impact the social scene. For example, I conducted 36 student interviews and transformed the stories into a one-woman show, Rage Behind Curtains, which I performed at multiple venues across campus. I also used interviews to create a radio show airing one story per day. I conducted ten workshops with student groups, Fraternities and Sororities, and in the classroom utilizing Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed (TO) techniques. I also created a “social scene confessional” where I stood outside the Elaine Langone Center with a sign that read, “Tell me a story about the social scene” from a wide variety of Bucknell students. Finally, I have assembled a Forum Theatre Company based on Augusto Boal’s method of the spect-actor, utilizing participants as both actors and spectators in the theatre piece. All of the names indicated in this paper have been altered to protect the identity of the participants. While planning events and conducting various theatrical experiences, I learned that there are a series of internal and external issues contributing to our social environment. Internally, students are conflicted with personal beliefs while battling outward social pressure. Whether they are on the outskirts or center of the social scene determines their response to this conflict. For example, I have discovered that students on the borders of the social culture respond with criticism because they feel excluded, whereas the student’s centrally involved critique the culture in private and while their persona appears to not want change. Externally, there are many structural issues that contribute to the current social climate such as without Fraternity meal plans, Cafeteria space is not sufficient to feed all of the students, exclusive party culture, and gendered housing. Through meetings with Deans and staff, I have learned there are also problems between administration and students, resulting in resentment and blame. Although addressing structural issues would instigate immediate change, in my opinion, internal student conflicts are the primary cause for the current negative social atmosphere. I believe that pressure to conform is rooted in lack of personal identity. Because students simply do not know themselves, they form strong social groups that become the definition of themselves. Without confident self-awareness, large and powerful groups coerce students to accept social norms resulting in the individual’s outward distaste for change, yet internal discomfort

Intensive Archeological Survey: State Highway 6 at Farm-to-Market Road 2, Grimes County, Texas

On behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources survey with shovel testing and backhoe trenching from November 29–30, 2017, of approximately 27.55 acres (11.15 hectares) of existing and 10.45 acres (4.23 hectares) of proposed new TxDOT right-of-way (ROW) along State Highway (SH) 6 and Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 2, located approximately 7.0 miles (11.3 kilometers [km]) southeast of Navasota and 11.0 miles (17.7 km) northwest of Hempstead, Grimes County, Texas. Because the project will receive funding from the Federal Highways Administration, it qualifies as an undertaking as defined in Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800.16(y) and, therefore, survey was conducted in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 U.S. Code 306108). Furthermore, the project must also comply with the Antiquities Code of Texas (9 Natural Resources Code 191). Jason Barrett served as Principal Investigator under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8213. The total area of potential effects (APE) consists of 27.55 acres (11.15 hectares) of existing and 10.45 acres (4.23 hectares) of proposed new TxDOT ROW along a 1-mile (1.6-km) long stretch of SH 6 slated for improvements to the FM 2 intersection and modifications on two side-by-side SH 6 bridges over Beason Creek. At the time of the investigations, right of entry (ROE) was obtained for all but 3.0 acres (1.2 hectares) of proposed new ROW, all of which is located along the eastern side of SH 6. The typical depth of impacts for the project is variable, with a maximum depth of 20.0 feet (6.1 meters) where improvements to the intersection and modification to the bridges will occur. A background literature review determined that the APE has not been previously surveyed for cultural resources, and that no archeological sites, cemeteries, National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) districts and properties, or historical markers are within the APE or within a 0.6-mile (1-km) radius of the APE. No historic-age buildings or structures were identified within the APE during a review of the TxDOT Historic Overlay Maps (Foster et al. 2006). Field investigations of the existing ROW and 7.0 acres (2.8 hectares) of proposed new ROW for which access has been granted consisted of an intensive pedestrian survey supplemented with the excavation of 15 shovel tests and a single backhoe trench. Areas without ROE were examined from the accessible portions of the APE. The existing ROW has been heavily modified as a result of road construction, ditches, driveways, buried and overhead utilities, and immediately adjacent commercial and industrial development. The proposed new ROW has been modified by farming and ranching practices and infrastructure, as well as some commercial development. SWCA documented two isolated finds (IFs), one prehistoric (IF01) and one historic (IF02), along the margins of the SH 6 at FM 2 survey area. IFs are not eligible for the NRHP or for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark. SWCA recommends a finding of “no historic properties affected” and no further archeological investigations. Cultural resources survey of the currently inaccessible parcels with proposed new ROW is not recommended due to the negligible and heavily modified areas involved

Niacin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective Previous studies have suggested that niacin treatment raises glucose levels in patients with diabetes and may increase the risk of developing diabetes. We undertook a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from randomised trials to confirm whether an association exists between niacin and new-onset diabetes. Methods We searched Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from 1975 to 2014, for randomised controlled trials of niacin primarily designed to assess its effects on cardiovascular endpoints and cardiovascular surrogate markers. We included trials with ≥50 non-diabetic participants and average follow-up of ≥24 weeks. Published data were tabulated and unpublished data sought from investigators. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for new-onset diabetes with random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity between trials was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results In 11 trials with 26 340 non-diabetic participants, 1371 (725/13 121 assigned niacin; 646/13 219 assigned control) were diagnosed with diabetes during a weighted mean follow-up of 3.6 years. Niacin therapy was associated with a RR of 1.34 (95% CIs 1.21 to 1.49) for new-onset diabetes, with limited heterogeneity between trials (I2=0.0%, p=0.87). This equates to one additional case of diabetes per 43 (95% CI 30 to 70) initially non-diabetic individuals who are treated with niacin for 5 years. Results were consistent regardless of whether participants received background statin therapy (p for interaction=0.88) or combined therapy with laropiprant (p for interaction=0.52). Conclusions Niacin therapy is associated with a moderately increased risk of developing diabetes regardless of background statin or combination laropiprant therapy

Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Bagdad Road at County Road 278 Improvements Project, Williamson County, Texas

At the request of Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Inc., and on behalf of Williamson County, Texas, SWCA Environmental Consultants conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the proposed approximately 4,500-foot-long (1371.6 meters [m]) Bagdad Road (County Road [CR] 279) Improvements Project extending 1,000 feet (304.8 m) north and south of CR 278 and 2,500 feet (762.0 m) west-southwest of CR 278 in western Williamson County, Texas. The project area is located between the communities of Liberty Hill and Leander along the intersection of CR 279, also known as Bagdad Road, and CR 278. Since the project involves lands that will be acquired and controlled by Williamson County (a subdivision of the State of Texas), the project is subject to review under the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT). SWCA conducted the investigations under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8044. The proposed project will involve improvements to the existing Bagdad Road and CR 278 intersection and the construction of new roadway (to be called “River Ranch County Park Road”) west-southwest of the intersection, to allow access to the River Ranch County Park. The planned improvements will be located along the existing Bagdad Road from 1,000 feet (304.8 m) north and south of CR 278. The planned new roadway will extend 2,500 feet (762.0 m) west-southwest of the Bagdad Road and CR 278 intersection to the southeastern edge of River Ranch County Park. Overall, the direct area of potential effects (APE) encompasses approximately 13.8 acres (5.6 hectares [ha]), composed of a 4,500-foot-long (1371.6 m) and approximately 25- to 70-foot (7.6- to 21.3-m) wide proposed right-of-way. The depth of impacts is anticipated to extend 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 2.2 m) below ground surface for roadway construction and up to 10 feet (3.1 m) for culverts. Investigations included a background and historic map review, and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing of the proposed APE. The background review determined that no previously conducted cultural resources investigations and no previously recorded archaeological sites are located within the direct APE. One cultural resources testing project and eight previously recorded archaeological sites are located within a 1-mile radius of the project area. The review of maps on the Texas Department of Transportation Historic Overlay, U.S. Geological Survey TopoView, and Historic Maps revealed one possible historic-age structure adjacent to the APE. The field investigations included extensive visual inspection and intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing throughout the APE. The investigations revealed the APE is along the existing county roads and within the undeveloped land and residential development that surrounds the roadways. The undeveloped land consists of rocky uplands with exposed limestone bedrock, cobbles, and gravels along the ground surface. Previous and current impacts to the area include clearing and grading activities, construction of existing roads and driveways, associated infrastructure installation, impervious cover, gravel filled areas, residential development, and overhead and buried utility installations particularly along and immediately adjacent to the roadways. SWCA excavated a total of 15 shovel tests within the APE, which revealed shallow soils atop of bedrock. SWCA’s investigations exceeded the Texas Historical Commission’s requirements and identified no prehistoric or historic cultural materials within the APE. One historic-age standing structure was identified during the historic map review and field investigations immediately adjacent to the APE located on the southeast corner of the intersection of Bagdad Road and CR 278. An SWCA architectural historian evaluated the structure and determined that based on historic aerials the date of construction is circa 1940, but that while it is historic age it lacks integrity and is recommended as NOT ELIGIBLE for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In accordance with the ACT and 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 800.4, SWCA made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify cultural resources within the direct APE. As no archaeological sites were identified that may meet the criteria for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark, per 13 Texas Administrative Code 26.12, or standing structures for listing on the NRHP, according to 36 CFR 60.4, SWCA recommends that no further cultural resources investigations are warranted within the surveyed portions of the APE and that a determination of No Historic Properties Affected be granted for the proposed project

Intensive Cultural Resources Survey for the Pilot Knob Wastewater Interceptor Project, Travis County, Texas

On behalf of Brookfield Residential, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources investigation of the proposed Pilot Knob Wastewater Interceptor Project in southeast Austin, Travis County, Texas. The project involves the construction of a roughly 2.1-mile-long wastewater interceptor line with an 80-foot temporary and 40-foot permanent easement, and encompasses 20.0 acres. The project has two components: the initial 1.7-mile-long wastewater interceptor and the additional 0.34- mile-long Phase 2 extension. The initial project alignment begins at Dee Gabriel Collins Road, located approximately 0.6 mile northwest of the intersection of U.S. Route 183 and Farm-to-Market (FM) 812. The proposed line traverses undeveloped land for 1.7 miles and terminates approximately 0.6 mile east of the intersection of McKinney Falls Parkway and Colton Bluff Springs Road. The Phase 2 additional alignment will extend 0.34 mile north-northeast of Dee Gabriel Collins Road before terminating in an undeveloped tract. The depths of project impacts are currently unknown, but horizontal directional bores are proposed at road and drainage crossings and are not expected to exceed 15–20 feet below ground surface. The area of potential effects (APE) for the project is approximately 2.1 miles long and 80 feet wide, encompassing 20.0 acres. The proposed APE is within a semi-rural setting that is quickly becoming more urbanized. As portions of the initial project alignment traverse potential waters of the U.S., the project must comply with application requirements for a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fort Worth District Section 404 permit in accordance with 33 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 325, Appendix C (Processing Department of Army Permits: Procedures for the Protection of Historic Properties; Final Rule 1990; with current Interim Guidance Document dated June 24, 2002) and with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC 470), and its implementing regulations (36 CFR 800). Portions of the initial project alignment within the 100-year floodplain may also be subject to permitting by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and require Section 106 compliance. Portions of the additional project alignment are on lands slated for ownership by the Pilot Knob Municipal Utility District No. 1, a political subdivision of the State of Texas, as a consequence, the project must comply with the Antiquities Code of Texas in addition to Section 106 of the NHPA and its implementing regulations. Consequently, all work was conducted in accordance with the standards and guidelines of the Antiquities Code of Texas under Antiquities Permit No. 7287. The goal of the work was to locate all prehistoric and historic archaeological sites within the proposed APE, establish vertical and horizontal site boundaries as appropriate, and evaluate the significance and eligibility of all recorded sites for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The investigations were initiated with a background review of previous work, historic map review, and an archival review of the APE parcels. Field work involved an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing of the APE. The background review determined that portions of the APE have been previously surveyed and that one archaeological site (41TV2366) is recorded within the APE. Site 41TV2366 is an early-twentieth-century farm complex and is not considered eligible for inclusion to the NRHP or for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). Historic maps revealed six possible historic-age structures and one cemetery within or immediately adjacent to the APE. Field work for the initial alignment was conducted on October 29, 2014, with a total of 19 shovel tests excavated in portions of the APE. Field work for the additional project alignment was conducted on May 21, 2015, with a total of three shovel tests excavated within the APE. The APE exhibits prior modifications from residential and agricultural development and associated utility installations. The investigations revisited site 41TV2366, verified the location of a historic-age cemetery, and recorded site 41TV2480. Site 41TV2366 is a historic-age farm complex and is considered not eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. No avoidance or additional work is required. The historic-age Collins Cemetery is located 93 feet from centerline and is protected under 711.035(f) and 711.010(a)(b) of the Health and Safety Code of Texas, and as a result, avoidance of the cemetery is required by state law. However, based upon the current alignment, the centerline is over 90 feet north of the cemetery fence and adequately avoids the cemetery. Therefore, the Collins Cemetery will not be impacted by construction activities associated with the Pilot Knob Interceptor Project. As such no additional work is required. Site 41TV2480 is a historic-age circa 1955 residence identified and recorded along the margin of the additional alignment project alignment. No historic-age artifacts associated with 41TV2480 were observed in the current APE, and the residence has been continuously lived in as well as modified compromising its integrity. Based on these factors, site 41TV2480 is recommended as ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP or for designation as an SAL, and no further work is recommended. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, SWCA has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify cultural resources within the APE. As no properties were identified that meet the criteria for listing in the NRHP, according to 36 CFR 60.4, or for designation as an SAL, according to 13 Texas Administrative Code 26.12, SWCA recommends no further cultural resources investigations are warranted within the project APE

Addendum Report: Additional Cultural Resources Investigations of the Vista Ridge Regional Water Supply Project in Burleson, Lee, Bastrop, Caldwell, Guadalupe, Comal and Bexar Counties, Texas

On behalf of VRRSP Consultants, LLC, and Central Texas Regional Water Supply Corporation (CTRWSC), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA), conducted further intensive cultural resources investigations of the Vista Ridge Regional Water Supply (Vista Ridge) Project in Burleson, Lee, Bastrop, Caldwell, Guadalupe, Comal, and Bexar Counties. The project will involve installation of a 140.2-mile-long, 60-inch-diameter water pipeline from Deanville, Burleson County, Texas, to north-central San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The area of potential effects (APE) will consist of the proposed centerline alignment and an 85-foot-wide corridor for temporary and permanent construction easements; however, SWCA surveyed a 100-foot-wide corridor to allow for minor shifts in the alignment. This addendum report details the findings of additional cultural resources investigations between 2016 and 2018, on the alignment. The Vista Ridge Project is subject to review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 USC 306108) and its implementing regulations (36 CFR 800), in anticipation of a Nationwide Permit 12 from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in accordance with Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. In addition, the work is subject to compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) under Permit No. 7295, as the Vista Ridge Project ultimately will be owned by a political subdivision of the State of Texas. Furthermore, all human burials in the state of Texas are protected by law, as per the Texas Health and Safety Code Section 711 General Provisions Relating to Cemeteries and the Texas Administrative Code Title 13, THC, Chapter 22 Cemeteries, Sections 22.1 through 22.6. If human burials are encountered in the Project Area and the remains are determined to be Native American, they will be handled in accordance with procedures established through coordination with the THC; work in the affected area would only resume per THC authorization. Between 2016 and 2018, SWCA investigated approximately 29.5 miles of the current 140.2-mile-long project corridor and the proposed 6.9-mile-long wellfield pipeline that was not previously surveyed during the prior 2015 investigations (Acuña et al. 2016). Investigations consisted of intensive pedestrian survey augmented with shovel testing and hand-excavated auger probes and/or mechanical backhoe trenching in select areas. In addition, SWCA investigated the 25.82-acre terminus site slated for the construction of an integration system (Atwood and Ward 2017). SWCA also surveyed additional mileage, which included rerouted areas that are no longer part of the currently proposed alignment. SWCA excavated 967 shovel tests, 96 auger probes, and 85 backhoe trenches during these additional investigations. SWCA documented or further investigated 28 cultural resources within the Vista Ridge Project during the 2016 to 2018 investigations. Of the 28 resources, seven were isolated finds that did not warrant formal site recording or require additional investigations. The remaining 21 cultural resources include 15 prehistoric sites, three historic sites, and three multi-component sites with both prehistoric and historic cultural materials. Of the 21 sites, two (i.e., 41BP960 and 41BP961) are currently UNDETERMINED regarding eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL), and one site (i.e., 41GU177) was determined to be ELIGIBLE for listing on the NRHP and for designation as a SAL. SWCA conducted testing and data recovery excavations at site 41GU177 and the results of testing investigations conducted under Permit No. 7295 are presented as an appendix to this report (Rodriguez et al. 2017); the data recovery investigations of site 41GU177 were completed under Permit No. 8231 and will be a separate report. Additionally, sites 41BP960 and 41BP961 have been avoided by design alignment changes and will not be impacted by the Vista Ridge Project. The remaining 18 cultural resources sites are considered NOT ELIGIBLE for nomination to the NRHP or for designation as SALs and no further cultural resources investigations or avoidance are recommended. In addition, SWCA documented two cemeteries (the Hill Cemetery and the Hoffman Cemetery) during the 2016 to 2018 investigations. Due to subsequent reroutes, the Hill Cemetery (located within the boundaries of site 41BP818) is now avoided and will not be impacted by the project. Mechanical scraping was conducted adjacent to the Hoffman Cemetery in compliance with the Texas Health and Safety Code; no evidence of interments was identified within the project area. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4 and the ACT, SWCA has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify cultural resources within the project area. Two sites (i.e., 41BP960 and 41BP961) are recommended as having UNDETERMINED eligibility for listing on the NRHP or for SAL designation and one site (41GU177) is recommended as ELIGIBLE. The remaining 18 are recommended as NOT ELIGIBLE for listing on the NRHP or for SAL designation. Site 41GU177 has been mitigated and the results will be presented in a stand-alone report (Nielsen et al. 2019). The two sites (41BP960 and 41BP961) of UNDETERMINED eligibility have been avoided by design alignment changes and will not be impacted by the project. No further work or avoidance strategy is recommended for the remaining 18 archaeological sites identified during the Vista Ridge Project